Ecological certification of organic production in Russia

. The stage of formation of organic agriculture has begun in Russia. According to the requirements of Russian legislation and international standards, organic agriculture provides for the production of organic products in conditions close to biological processes occurring in natural ecological systems. Organic agriculture should be based on a set of methods that ensure a viable ecosystem, safe food, healthy nutrition, animal health and social justice, and an organic product is a product that is produced in accordance with organic farming standards. The system of state regulation of organic production in Russia is insufficiently formed and does not fully meet the modern requirements of international standards. The purpose of the study is to assess the compliance of Russian legislation with the requirements of international standards in the field of certification of organic production. The laws introduce requirements for certification of only organic products themselves, which is insufficient to solve the tasks set by the state and the international community. The proposed model of ecological certification of organic production will meet the challenges in the field of organic agriculture, environmental protection, and organic products will meet international requirements and standards, which will contribute to the output of products on the Russian and international market.


Introduction
Modern trends in agriculture in the world and in Russia are related to its food and environmental safety -organic agriculture and the production of organic products safe for human health and life and the environment.Today, such products are labelled as environmentally friendly product, organic product, bio-product, eco-product.Production of such products is defined by special terms depending on the legislation of countries or regions: organic production -in English-speaking countries, USA, Russia, organic production -in Hungary, Denmark, Spain, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Sweden, organic production -in Germany, Greece, Georgia, Italy, Latvia, Netherlands, Portugal, France, natural production -in Finland [1,2].International and foreign legal systems combine different approaches to regulate the production of organic products, based on the guidelines of the Codex Alimentarius Commission, the basic standards of IFOAM (IBS), EU regulations [3,4,5,6].Council Regulation (EU) No 834/2007 of 28.07.2007 and Commission Regulation (EU) No 889/2008 of 05.09.2008, laying down implementing provisions for EC Regulation 834/2007, regulate organic production, control and labelling of organic products and cover all stages of production and inspection.In the EU, organic agriculture is characterised as a long-term solution for the conservation of natural resources, the development of rural areas and the promotion of public health [3].
According to the IFOAM Basic Standards: Basic Standards approved by the IFOAM General Assembly (International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements), organic agriculture is a holistic systematic approach based on a set of practices that ensure a viable ecosystem, safe food, healthy food, animal health and social justice, and organic product is a product that is produced in accordance with organic farming standards [7].As noted in the scientific literature, the regulation of organic production in the world has taken place according to standards developed by farmers themselves, and is based on the principles of eliminating the negative effects of farming on the environment [8].
The standards for organic production formulated by IFOAM in relation to the environment can be summarised as follows -interactions with natural systems and cycles must be organised in a manner that does not interfere with their natural functioning; -conserve and enhance biodiversity in organic farming and processing; -conserve the natural condition of water resources; -ensure long-term soil fertility; -ensure the protection of plants and wildlife and birds; -minimize the use of substances that pollute the environment; -recycle organic products through the use of renewable resources; -to produce fully biodegradable organic products [7].
Problems of legal regulation of production and certification of organic products in the Russian Federation are reflected in the works of Shcherbakova A.S. [2], Belyakova Z.Yu.
According to many farmers, the main constraint hindering the rapid development of organic agriculture in the world is the high cost of production with low profitability of production [2,9,16,18].According to a survey conducted by Marsh L., Zoumenou V., Cotton C., Hashem F., among farmers only 10% are focused on organic production [18].The risks and opportunities of increasing the yield of organic agriculture are described in the works of Adams D. C., Salois M. J. [16], Roos E., Mie A., Wivstad M. [21].Tillage technologies in organic farming that support yields and increase soil carbon stocks are presented in Cooper J., Baranski M., Stewart G. [17].According to Dabbert S., by introducing a variety of crop rotations, mechanical weed control methods, sustainable use of ecosystems in nature, hedgerows and biotopes can achieve environmentally friendly production [22].Jespersen L.M., Baggesen D.L., Fog E. in their work analysed and highlighted positive and negative aspects, presented the basic principles of organic agriculture [19].Manuals and handbooks on resources for the sector of organic food and agriculture, a monograph on the international history of development of organic farming were developed [23,24,25].
Analysis of the scientific literature allowed us to summarize the main problems of legal regulation of organic agriculture in Russia: 1) lack of regulation of land relations for organic production, 2) lack of control over the use of such land by the state, 3) insufficiently formed and not meeting modern international requirements of certification of organic products.Improvement of legal regulation of formation and development of organic agriculture will create conditions for the promotion of organic products in the domestic and international markets.
The purpose of the study was to analyze the methods of legal regulation in the field of organic agriculture and organic production, to develop proposals for improving the legal means of certification of organic production in order to promote Russian organic products in the domestic and international markets.

Materials and Methods
The methodological basis of this study was general scientific (analysis, synthesis, generalization, induction, deduction) and special legal methods (formal-logical).The study was conducted on the basis of review and analysis of publications of scientific research in the field of agriculture, ecology, environmental protection, as well as legislation of the Russian Federation regulating relations in the field of production and certification of organic products.A comparative and comparative analysis of texts of federal laws, state and international standards regulating agricultural production and environmental protection, their interpretation and interpretation in a logical sequence using special techniques of legal technique have been carried out.The general norms of law in the sphere of agriculture and environmental protection and their application to private relations -ecologization of agriculture, environmental protection in the production of organic products -were investigated.Results.Federal Law No. 280-FZ of 03.08.2018 "On Organic Products and on Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts" (hereinafter referred to as the "Organic Products Law") came into force on 01.01.2020.The distinctive feature is the use of methods, techniques, and technologies in agriculture to ensure a favourable environment, improve human health, and preserve and restore soils (Article 2 of the Organic Law).According to the interstate standard GOST 33980-2016 "Organic products.Rules for Production, Processing, Labelling and Sales", organic agriculture is a production system that improves the ecosystem, preserves and improves soil fertility, protects human health and, taking into account local conditions and relying on ecological cycles, preserves biodiversity and does not use substances that can harm the environment.Organic products are defined as organic agricultural products, raw materials and foodstuffs whose production complies with the requirements of federal law (Art.2 of the Organic Law).Thus, the definitions of "organic agriculture" and "organic products" in the Russian legislation correspond to the concepts approved in the basic international standards.
Requirements for the production of organic products are regulated by Article 4 of the Federal Law "On Organic Products", which, depending on the direct and (or) indirect impact on the natural environment and human health, we have conditionally divided into two groups: 1) to protect the environment, including farm animals and plants 2) to protect human health (Table 1).This division into groups is conditional on the fact that the requirements are interrelated and interdependent.

REQUIREMENTS FOR ORGANIC PRODUCTION IN RUSSIAN LEGISLATION:
For environmental protection purposes Separation of organic production from non-organic production; Prohibition of the use of embryo transfer, cloning and genetic engineering techniques, genetically engineered and transgenic organisms, and their products; Ban on the use of hydroponic cultivation; Ban on the use of ionising radiation; Use of biological agents to control pests and diseases of plants and animals; Implementing measures to prevent losses caused by pests to plants or plant products, based on the protection of entomophages, the choice of plant species and varieties, optimum methods of crop rotation, plant cultivation and the thermal treatment of organic products; Selection of breeds or species of farm animals, taking into account their adaptive capacity and resistance to disease, creating conditions conducive to their health, veterinary welfare and natural reproduction; Ban on the use of agrochemicals, pesticides, antibiotics, animal growth and fattening stimulants and hormonal preparations; Prohibition of the use of packaging, consumer and transport containers that may cause environmental pollution, including the use of PVC for packaging and containers; For human health care Use of food additives, processing aids, flavourings, flavour enhancers, enzyme preparations, micronutrients, vitamins, amino acids as required by the standards in force; Prohibition of mixing organic products with non-organic products during storage and transport; Application of biological, including probiotic, micro-organisms, use of measures to protect products of animal origin from microbiological spoilage; Ban on the use of agrochemicals, pesticides, antibiotics, animal growth and fattening stimulants and hormonal preparations; Prohibition of the use of packaging, consumer and transport containers that may lead to contamination of organic products.
Confirmation of compliance of organic production is in the form of voluntary certification with the requirements of legislation on technical regulation in order to establish compliance of organic production with national, interstate and international standards (Article 5 of the Federal Law "On Organic Products").International standards, on the other hand, presuppose compliance of such production, including environmental regulation.In accordance with Article 2 of the Organic Law, organic agriculture shall be directed at ensuring favorable environmental conditions, that is, it shall meet the requirements of Article 42 of the Federal Law No. 7-FZ of January 10, 2002 "On environmental protection" (the "Environmental Law"): Compliance with environmental protection requirements, implementation of measures to preserve and restore the environment, rational use of natural resources, ensuring environmental safety, prevention of negative impacts on natural resources.Of all the listed requirements of the legislation on environmental protection and rational use of natural resources, the central mechanism for achieving the goals is land relations.As it is fairly noted Lukashuk N.A., Rod'kin O.I., "an important point in the international standards on production is the fact that first of all products obtained from a certain area can be certified as "organic", on these areas must undergo a conversion or conversion from traditional agricultural activities for a certain period" [1].
A documented confirmation of the ecologically sound implementation of economic and other activities, including those in the agricultural sector, is environmental certification (Article 31 of the Federal Law "On the Protection of the Environment").Consequently, the best solution to the task set by the Federal Law "On Organic Products" is the ecological certification of organic production.
In order to introduce a system of control over the use of land in the production cycle of organic products, we consider it necessary to introduce a unified state register of organic agricultural land.N.A. Lukashchuk and O.I. Rod'kin propose to divide land for organic production into three main types: arable land (mainly for growing grains, vegetables, fodder and industrial crops), land occupied by perennial plantations (vineyards, fruit and berry plantations) and permanent pastures [1].Maintaining such an inventory will contribute to: 1) to isolate agricultural land for organic production, because organic production on land where chemical fertilizers and pesticides have been used for years is not possible.Organic farming must put fallow land and reclaimed land into circulation.This will take a long time and require large financial investments, at least during the transition period.The state must promote the formation of such land; 2) determine their suitability for organic production by soil analysis, which is necessary to reveal the original condition of the soil; 3) control of the use of such land by the state authorities, 4) serve as an indicator for evaluating the growth potential of the organic agricultural sector.
In order to promote organic products on the international market it is necessary to improve organic certification procedures.In the EU countries there is an International Commission Regulation in force, which operates in the key cycle "Plan.Implement.Verify.
In contrast to the certification in Russia, the EU countries have -requirements are imposed on the quality of soils; -the auditor operates throughout the whole period of soil use, checks the entire list of fertilisers used at all stages of production.

Discussion
In Russia, Rostest describes the normativity of its requirements in a different way: "The inspection in this case is carried out in accordance with the requirements of one of the GOSTs.There is no requirement in the GOSTs for the quality of the soil used, nor is there any regulation for the control of soil use in the entire organic production process.
We propose the following model for organic production certification consisting of two sections (Table 2).

Section II. VALIDATION OF COMPLIANCE OF ORGANIC PRODUCTS WITH REGARD TO THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN HEALTH
Compliance of the agricultural production of organic products with the hygiene requirements of soil, packaging and transport; Compliance with the hygiene requirements for the equipment and its cleaning of potentially contaminating materials before it is used in organic production; Availability of a report on the origin, types, composition and use of products purchased and sold; Absence of substances and methods which restore properties lost during processing and storage of organic foodstuffs, or which are applied in correcting the results of poor processing, or which may otherwise mislead as to the true nature of the organic foodstuffs in question; Compliance with all legal and regulatory requirements, according to storage and labelling during transport.

Conclusions
The above measures of legal regulation of the current legislation in the field of organic agriculture in Russia will allow: First, generate primary data on soil indicators, Second, to monitor and control the quality of such land and compliance with environmental requirements, including environmental regulation, Third, it will facilitate the certification procedure for organic production itself.Certification organizations would be able to apply to the state authorities for confirmation of the absence of violations of environmental legislation, to carry out the necessary analyses, to confirm the safety of organic agricultural products for human health and to issue a mark of conformity of the voluntary ecological certification of organic production.
The proposed procedure for ecological certification of organic production will meet the objectives in the field of organic agriculture, environmental protection, and organic products meet international requirements and standards, will serve as a guarantee and protection of consumers from unscrupulous producers, which will contribute to the entrance of products into the Russian and international markets.

Table 1 .
Requirements for organic production in Russian legislation.

Table 2 .
Organic certification model for organic production.