Platform economy: the path to sustainable development

. This article explores the important role that the platform economy plays in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. In a rapidly evolving digital world, platforms are becoming powerful tools for providing access to resources, supporting economic growth, improving resource management and creating sustainable consumer patterns. The article examines the experiences of platform market leaders, the US and China, which represent different models of platform economy development. The article covers key aspects and differences in the experiences of both countries. In the US, platform development is democratic and competitive, whereas in China, centralised control and hyper-application play a key role in ecosystem development. The article concludes that the platform economy is a powerful tool to overcome the challenges of sustainable development and promote cooperation between different actors in addressing global issues. The article concludes that the platform economy is a powerful tool for overcoming the challenges of sustainable development and promoting multi-stakeholder co-operation in addressing global issues. It helps shape societal goals and promotes sustainable business models.


Introduction
The environmental challenges of recent decades are well defined, with the severity of the problems increasing dramatically from year to year.Progress on climate protection or biodiversity conservation is clearly insufficient.There is little time left for action.Sustainable social and environmental well-being can therefore only be achieved and sustained through far-reaching changes in the economy and society.Platforms are facilities that provide multistakeholder forums and marketplaces on the Internet, thereby enabling the exchange of data, communication and the transfer of goods and services between different user groups.It is also worth noting here that despite the widespread adoption and daily expansion of the influence of the platform economy, there is still no clear definition of what exactly is included in the term.These digital platforms can now be found in all areas of our social and economic life and play an important role in the interaction between people, companies and institutions.Platforms connect people (peer-to-peer networks, P2P), business-to-customer (B2C) and business-to-business (B2B), for example in industrial supply chains.Finally, government agencies are increasingly using the platform economy -an excellent example of how digitalisation is changing the nature of societies, industries and markets [1].Given their negotiating position and relevance to today's consumption patterns, government needs to rethink the role of platforms and actively take broad responsibility for sustainable development based on platform economies.Today's platforms also need to be able to support sustainable consumption patterns, to support business models that protect climate, resources and the environment.
It is becoming clear that the European Union and its member states are working intensively with the regulatory environment to create a level playing field and push back dominant companies [2].It is not difficult to assume that in the short term, in 2030, platforms will become key drivers of the digital-environmental transformation of production and consumption.Their infrastructure, processes, procurement portfolios and governance mechanisms will be designed according to strict sustainability criteria (sustainability by design) and embedded in progressive regulation.
Platform economy is an objective necessity in modern economic conditions, as well as a challenge to the state.Accordingly, at this stage of economic development, the state will have to respond to the impending challenges, even more, to try to benefit from them.Consequently, this transformation of the economy, which is an indisputable inevitability, requires a corresponding transformation in the sphere of public administration.Many scholars have called for the use of digital technologies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and resource waste in agriculture, mobility, industry and energy.Researchers see digitalisation as a means to achieve the goal of sustainable transformation.Moreover, the EU also joins this argument, emphasising that digital technologies have a key role to play in achieving climate neutrality in the EU by 2050 [2].The authors call for a 'double transition', managing the digital and green transitions so that they reinforce each other.However, in order for the platform economy to meet the goals of sustainable development it is necessary to reduce the negative effects of digital technologies on the environment, climate by improving the production of equipment, reducing energy consumption, reducing waste production and consumption of digital technologies.

Materials and methods
In the process of the research the system approach, evolutionary approach, approaches of the theory of sustainable development were used.The methods of analysis and synthesis, grouping and comparison were used as a methodological technique of the research.

Results and discussion
The Openness and free access: The digital public good should be freely available to all users without any restrictions or fees.

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Public benefit: The digital public good should be oriented towards public benefit and contribute to solving social, economic or environmental problems.

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Open source (for software): When it comes to software, open source facilitates the participation and contribution of developers from different communities.Interoperability: A digital public good should be able to interact with other systems and technologies to improve its effectiveness and applicability.

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Safety and Reliability: A digital public good must be safe and reliable to use.

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Sustainability: A digital public good must be able to maintain its functionality and accessibility over time.

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Community and support: A digital public good can have an active community of users and developers.
The concept of Digital Resilience itself was presented in the study Digital Resilience: Is the Information Society Sustainable by Stürmer, S., Blaschke, M., and Helbing, D., published in 2017.It reflects the ability of society and its information systems to remain sustainable and to cope with the different challenges associated with digital transformation and rapid technological development.
The essence of the concept is that in the digital age and the information society, society and its structures must have the ability to adapt, adjust and recover from crises or unforeseen events.
It is important to maintain resilience and stability in an environment where technological innovation and digital transformation can change rapidly and have a strong impact on society.The concept of 'digital sustainability' encompasses three levels of interaction: the digital artefact, the surrounding ecosystem, and the consequences for society and the planet [4].There are four conditions that must be met for digital technologies to be fully 'resilient': 1. software data quality; 2. technical transparency of the structure, 3. semanticity of the data; 4. distributed location.A wide range of digital technologies are being used to implement the Sustainable Development Goals to help improve the monitoring, management and effectiveness of projects and programmes.These digital technologies include: 1. Internet of Things (IoT): IoT technologies can be used to collect data on various aspects of sustainable development, for example in agriculture to monitor soil moisture and optimise water use.
2. Big data and analytics: Big data analytics can identify trends and patterns to help make more informed decisions in a variety of areas including health, education, environment, etc.
3. Artificial Intelligence (AI): AI can be used to optimise processes and decision-making, as well as to develop predictions and models, which is particularly important for complex sustainability challenges.
4. Digital platform for monitoring and reporting: Digital platforms such as the District Health Information System (DHIS2) can be used to collect, analyse and report data in various areas of sustainability.
5. Blockchain technologies: Blockchain can be used to provide transparency, reliability and security in processes such as forest management, pollution control, etc.
6. Mobile applications: Mobile applications can be used to raise awareness and engage citizens in sustainable development initiatives, as well as to provide access to education and health services in remote regions.
7. Solar and other renewable energy: Solar and other renewable energy technologies help to reduce carbon emissions and support the sustainability of the energy industry [5,6,7].
These and many other digital technologies play an important role in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals, improving people's quality of life and preserving the health of the planet.They provide innovative solutions and opportunities for sustainable and effective initiatives.
In turn, digital monitoring and reporting platforms can be used in a wide range of sustainable development areas.For example: 1. Health: Digital platforms such as the District Health Information System (DHIS2) are used to collect data on population health, the epidemiological situation, access to health services and the effectiveness of health programmes.This helps public authorities and international organisations to make informed decisions and develop health policies.This helps public authorities and international organisations to make informed decisions and health policies.
2. Education: In education, digital monitoring and reporting platforms are used to track data on access to education, literacy rates, curricula and other indicators.This helps to assess progress towards education goals and develop effective strategies for educational development.
3. Environment and Nature Conservation: Digital platforms are used to monitor environmental conditions, pollution levels, climate change and other environmental indicators.This makes it possible to assess the impact of human activities on the environment and take measures to protect the environment.
4. Energy: In the energy sector, digital platforms can be used to monitor and manage energy improve the energy efficiency of renewable energy sources and evaluate the energy efficiency of various projects and programmes.
5. Agriculture and food security: digital platforms can help in monitoring agricultural production, food availability and food security, and in taking action against hunger and malnutrition [8,9,10].
These are just a few examples of how digital monitoring and reporting platforms can be used in various areas of sustainable development.They are powerful tools for collecting, analysing and reporting data to improve decision-making and the impact of sustainable development initiatives.
Today, China and the US are key players in the global platform economy, providing a variety of services and products that make up a significant portion of the overall market.
The experience of platform market leaders -the US and China -in realising the platform economy demonstrates different development models and approaches to the formation of digital ecosystems.Here are some key aspects and differences in the experience of both countries: U.S.A: 1. Democratic development: In the US, the platform economy is developing more democratically, often at the expense of competition and innovation from private companies.Here, the state usually does not interfere in the formation and management of platforms, thus creating a more flexible and adaptable ecosystem.
2. Technological innovation: US companies such as Google, Apple, Facebook and Amazon dominate the global platform market.They constantly invest in technological innovation and develop new products and services, which contributes to dynamic growth and continued leadership.
3. Diversity of ecosystems.There are many different platforms and digital ecosystems in the US, each focused on a specific industry or market.This creates a rich and diverse digital environment that fosters innovation and diversity of products and services. China: 1. Centralised development: In China, the formation of the platform economy is centralised with active government participation.The state plays an important role in supporting and developing key digital ecosystems, which allows for better coordination and realisation of strategic goals.
2. Hyper apps and widgets.Hyper apps such as WeChat have become particularly popular in China, bringing together various functions including social networks, payment services, messengers and more.In addition, there are many mini-apps in the ecosystem that provide various services and functions.3. Smartphone-centric: digital ecosystems in China were originally designed with smartphones in mind, making them accessible to a wide audience, including those without access to computers.
Both countries have demonstrated success in developing platform economies, attracting investment and building large and successful digital ecosystems.However, their experiences differ due to the cultural, political and economic characteristics of each country.These differences emphasise the flexibility and diversity of the platform economy development model in the world.
The combined capitalisation of the largest digital companies in the US and China (excluding Apple, which ranks first in the world in terms of capitalisation but is classified by analysts as a hardware and software company) is US$6.023trillion, and their combined share of the total market capitalisation of foreign internet companies is 67%.The digital ecosystems of Google and Amazon are far ahead of the rest of the market in terms of financial performance, together accounting for just under half (45%) of the total market capitalisation of the largest Internet companies (Table 1).Do not add any page numbers.

Conclusion
The platform economy can play an important role in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals identified in the United Nations Global Agenda for Sustainable Development Goals.Below are a few ways in which the platform economy can contribute to sustainable development: 1. Ensuring accessibility and equity: Platform economies can be used to ensure access to products, services and information for all segments of society, including vulnerable groups.Platforms can improve access to education, health, financial services, energy and other important resources.
2. Supporting economic growth: The platform economy can foster innovation, entrepreneurship and job creation.Digital platforms can connect entrepreneurs, provide tools for starting and expanding businesses, and facilitate market access for SMEs.
3. Efficient resource management.Digital platforms and technologies can help optimise resource use, reduce energy and water consumption, reduce waste and increase efficiency in various sectors such as transport, manufacturing and agriculture.
4. Promoting sustainable consumption patterns.Platforms can promote sustainable consumption patterns by offering products and services that promote sustainable behaviour, such as low-carbon products or low-plastic packaging.5. Knowledge sharing and co-operation: Platforms facilitate the exchange of knowledge and experience between different actors, including government authorities, the business community and civil society.This facilitates co-operation and collaboration in addressing complex sustainable development challenges.
6. Monitoring and evaluating progress.The platform economy can be used to collect data and monitor progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals.Digital platforms enable the collection and analysis of data to help assess the efficiency and effectiveness of sustainable projects and programmes.
7. Development of digital public goods: The platform economy can support the creation and distribution of digital public goods, such as open source software, educational resources and data available to the public for free or under a free licence, to address social problems and support public goals.
All these factors make the platform economy a powerful tool for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals and have drawn the attention of many countries and organisations to the development and use of digital platforms to support sustainable development.
United Nations has recognised the value of open digital artefacts for sustainable development.The UN Roadmap for Digital Co-operation 2020 states that "digital public goods" are needed to unlock the full potential of digital technologies and data to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals.According to the UN, digital public goods include openly licensed digital artefacts such as open source software, open data, open artificial intelligence (AI) models, open standards and open content.The Digital Public Goods Alliance has identified key indicators that determine whether a software, data warehouse, AI model or data model can be considered a digital public good [3]. 1.

Table 1 .
Top 5 digital platforms and ecosystems by financial performance: 2021