Management of Agroforestry and Water Resources Towards Socio-economic Conditions of the Community, Case on Gubugklakah, Poncokusumo, Malang, East Java, Indonesia

. The dependence of the community around the forest area on utilizing natural resources is dangerous for the sustainability of the forest area. The research aimed to determine the effect of the management of agroforestry, water resources conservation, and drinking water supply system on the socio-economic conditions of the Gubugklakah community. The study was conducted from January to March 2020 in Gubugklakah, Poncokusumo, Malang district, East Java, Indonesia. Data collection with a Likert scale questionnaire with 100 forest farmers as respondents. The variables consist of agroforestry management, conservation of water resources, drinking water supply system, and socio-economic condition of the community. Data were analyzed using by Structural Equation Model. Data analysis shows that agroforestry management influences the socio-economic state with a 0.45 path coefficient, the drinking water supply system controls the socio-economic condition with a 0.44 path coefficient, and water resource conservation influences the socio-economic situation with a 0.15 path coefficient. The research concluded that the management of agroforestry and drinking water supply systems affect the socio-economic conditions of the Gubugklakah community, and water resources conservation did not affect the socio-economic conditions of the Gubugklakah community.


Introduction
The dependence of the community around the forest area on utilizing natural resources is dangerous for the sustainability of the forest area [1].For this reason, the community's welfare around the forest area needs to be improved so that the community can participate in protecting the area [2,3].Agroforestry is the solution [4] because it can improve people's welfare while conserving forests.Most agroforestry systems are practiced globally, such as forest farming, buffer riverbank strips, multipurpose trees, and silvopasture [5,6].Agroforestry can also be found in Europe [7].The potential of agroforestry systems to provide economic, environmental, and social benefits in Europe has been demonstrated by national research programs and European Union research projects [7][8][9][10][11].The function of agroforestry [12,13] can be expected because of the composition and arrangement of plant and tree species in one plot of land [14,15].Agroforestry [16] systems provide and have the value given by communities to all their products over some time [17,18].According to Marsden [12], agroforestry systems benefit the environment and contribute to positive impacts on biodiversity and nutrient cycles.Agroforestry systems positively affect biodiversity (flora and fauna) when compared to arable land by increasing structural richness, especially in vacant agricultural landscapes [19].
The existence of drinking water supply system technology will significantly help the community to get clean water.Accelerate system adoption and environmental sustainability for the future [20,21].Income, the community's economy with agroforestry-based land management, will significantly contribute to community income to reduce the burden for the community's basic needs that occur in a sustainable manner.Water conservation is crucial to support agroforestry management and community drinking water needs.
The aimed of this research to determine the effect of agroforestry management, water resources conservation and drinking water supply systems on the socio-economic conditions of the Gubugklakah community.

Methods
This research was conducted from January to March 2020 in Gubukklakah village, Poncokusumo sub-district, Malang Regency, East Java, Indonesia.Analysis of the research data using the multivariate method of the SEM (Structural Equation Model) [22] technique using the Warp PLS program.According to Latan [23] the SEM is a second generation multivariate analysis technique that combines factor analysis and path analysis, allowing researchers to test and estimate simultaneously the relationship between multiple latent independent variables and multiple latent dependent variables with many indicators and testing models with mediator and moderator effects, models in non-linear form and measurement errors.
Data collection with a Likert scale questionnaire with 100 forest farmers as respondents.The variables consist of agroforestry management, conservation of water resources, drinking water supply system, and socio-economic condition of the community.Testing the validity and reliability of the data is done with convergent and discriminant reality.Convergent validity can be assessed using indicator reliability, composite reliability, and average variance extracted.Discriminant validity by comparing the root value of each statement's AVE (Average Variance Extracted) with the correlation between statements and other statements.The variable is declared valid if the root value of AVE is greater than the correlation between statements and other statements.Data were analyzed using by SEM [24].

Agroforestry on Gubugklakah
Geographically, Gubugklakah is a village located on at coordinate 7˚21ꞌ -7˚31ꞌ LS and 110˚10ꞌ-111˚40ꞌ BT the slopes of Mount Bromo with a hilly topography relatively located on the forest's edge.The total area of Gubugklakah village is 384 ha.Dry land is the only land that plays a significant role in developing Gubugklakah village.The type of crops planted is influenced by the level of agroforestry development with the forestry plant Pinus merkusii Jungh et de Vriese.The types of crops include Brassica chinensis L., Daucus carota L., Brassica oleracea L., Capsicum annuum L., Solanum tuberosum L., Allium sativum L., Coffea spp, Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott, and Zingiber officinale Roscoe.The classification of respondents based on the number of members at the level of agroforestry land area is presented in Table 1.

Number of family members (person)
Agroforestry land area Total < 0.5 ha 0.  1, it can be seen that most of the farming communities in Gubugklakah village (89 %) own less than 0.5 ha of land and have between 4 and 6 family members.

Validity and reliability
The results of validity and reliability are presented in Table 2.  2, the AVE values of all variables meet the requirements, then the Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability values (more than 0.60).This data is a table of validity and reliability of the four variables used in the structural analysis of the equation model.(1) The drinking water supply technology variable has an AVE of 0.54, Cronbach's alpha of 0.792, and composite reliability of 0.843, (2) The water source ecology variable has an AVE of 0.248, Cronbach's alpha of 0.367, and a composite reliability of 0.649, (3) The agroforestry variable has an AVE of 0.168, Cronbach's alpha of 0.743, and a composite reliability of 0.770, (4) The social economy variable has an AVE of 0.338, Cronbach's alpha of 0.664, and a composite reliability of 0.769.
It can be seen that all variables meet the AVE requirements with values above 0.5.In addition, Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability also meet the requirements with values above 0.6.This shows that all variables have good validity and reliability in the structural analysis of the equation model.

Structural equation model
The results of the structured equation model test are presented in Table 3.For each independent variable, the path coefficient, std error (standard error), and P value of the results of the regression analysis are reported.(i) Drinking water supply technology has a path coefficient of 0.44 with a std error of 0.089 and a P value of less than 0.001 which indicates high significance, (ii) Water source ecology has a path coefficient of 0.15 with a std error of 0.096 and a P value of 0.056 which indicates a not significant (not significant) relationship between this variable and social economy, (iii) Agroforestry has a path coefficient of 0.45 with a std error of 0.089 and a P value of less than 0.001 which indicates high significance.

Conclusion
The research concluded that the management of agroforestry and drinking water supply systems affect the socio-economic conditions of the Gubugklakah community, and water resources conservation did not affect the socio-economic conditions of the Gubugklakah community.
Based on the data in Table

Table 2 .
Validity and reliability.

Table 3 .
Structural model test results.

Table 3
shows that drinking water supply technology and agroforestry management affects socio-economic conditions (P value < 0.05).At the same time, the ecology of water resources does not affect socio-economic conditions (P value > 0.05).