Sustainability of the anchovy purse seine fishery in the Java Sea: an assessment using Fishery Performance Indicators (FPIs)

. The North Coast of Central Java is a key location where 12% of Indonesia's anchovy catch, or 23,560 tons, is produced by purse seine fishing. We used the FPIs tool, which has 68 different measures scored from 1 to 5 by experts, to evaluate the environmental, economic, and community performance of the anchovy fishing industry on Java's north coast . The result shows that the community pillar performs relatively better (an average score of 3.6) than the ecology and economy pillars, only 2.63 and 2.68, respectively. This research highlights the overcapacity of the fishery and the decreased trend of the anchovy's abundance index, indicating the fishery's unperformed ecology and economic dimension. This research suggests that despite the fishery's poor ecological and economic performance, the local community's dependence on anchovy resources remains high, as suggested by significant involvement in the fishing and processing of the catch and ownership of most vessels the local fishers possess. *


Introduction
The Fisheries Management Area (FMA) 712 of the Java Sea geographically encompasses the provinces of Lampung, Banten, DKI Jakarta, West Java, Central Java, East Java, Central Kalimantan, and South Kalimantan.Besides being a marine service provider, this area has considerable potential for fishery resources, including small and large pelagic fish, shrimp, demersal fish, and squids.This FMA is the most densely populated fishing spot compared to other FMAs in Indonesia.It is estimated that there are 1,284 active ministerial licensed vessels (with a size of > 30 Gross Tonnage/GT) operating in FMA 712, the Java Sea, where modified Danish seine and purse seine dominate the fishing fleet [10].Generally, the Java Sea and its surrounding waters are already considered to exceed their fishing capacity [12].Based on national capture fisheries statistical data [11], the capture fisheries production in the Java Sea in 2015 amounted to 1.4 million tons or 22% of Indonesia's total marine fish production.The highest contribution to fish production in the Java Sea was blue swimming crab, accounting for 40% of the national production, followed by demersal fish (20%), small pelagic fish (20%), large pelagic fish (12%), and other species (8%).
Anchovies are one of the important commodities and the main target of fishermen along the north coast of Java, especially in Brebes and Tegal Regencies.Anchovies are generally caught using modified purse seine nets [4], known as anchovy purse seine nets, operated by vessels of less than 30 GT daily [17].The fishermen depart to catch fish in the early morning (before dawn) and return around noon or late afternoon.Since the nets used are usually small (made of mesh), this fishing gear also catches other small pelagic fish species such as scads (Decapterus spp.), Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta), shortfin scad (Amblygaster sirm), sardines (Sardinella spp.), squids (Loligo spp.), and several larvae and juvenile fish of other species.
Although the use of anchovy purse seine has high catch productivity and contributes to the economy of fishers in Brebes and Tegal Regencies, it also impacts the capture of other small, immature fish (juveniles).The operation of this fishing gear also has the potential to cause social conflicts with other fishing gear, as its operating area overlaps with those fishing gears operating within less than five nautical miles.Therefore, this research aims to measure the performance of the three pillars of triple-bottom-line sustainability (economic, ecological, and social) of the anchovy purse seiners in the Java Sea, based in Brebes and Tegal Regencies.The results of this research are expected to provide an understanding of the economic benefits and the ecological impact of this fishery, as well as its benefits for the fishing communities in the Java Sea.

Research location
The research is conducted in two fish auction places (TPI Pulolampes) in Brebes and TPI Larangan in Tegal, Central Java Provinces.These two landing spots represent primary landing sites for anchovy fishery on the north coast of Java.The fishing area spanned from -6.68504652013541, 108.83087901539771 in the western waters of Tegal regency, -6.772193819819709, 109.91319981359628 in the east, and -5.565560166313642, 110.28107691611851 in the north.

Data collected
From March to September 2021, we gathered information through interviews and reviewed daily catch and landing records from the local fishery office.The data collected consists of primary data, including types of fishing gear, species composition, production, and value (price) of the catch, obtained from the Fish Auction Places (locally known as Tempat Pelelangan Ikan / TPI) and field observations of fish landing activities.Interviews were conducted with the owners and captains of the vessels, the crew members, port laborers, and several fish chip business owners whose raw materials depend on the anchovy fishery.

Data analysis
We used the Fishery Performance Indicators (FPIs) method, created by [1], to analyze the collected data and information.This approach is versatile and can be used broadly to evaluate how well individual fisheries are doing and to understand the connections between the conditions that make success possible, management approaches, and sustainability outcomes in economic, social, and environmental areas.
The FPI method uses 68 specific outcome metrics, each scored from 1 to 5 by experts, to help analyze and understand fisheries data and sustainability indicators, whether they are focused on a specific sector or a broader triple-bottom-line approach [2].The method also includes 54 similarly structured metrics that look at inputs, management styles, and conditions that enable success.With data from 61 case studies that cover fisheries in both developed and developing countries, the method shows that it's important to consider economic and social results along with the status of the fish stock.

Results and discussion
Table 1 presents average scores for different parts of the fishing sector: the condition of the fish stock (Stock Performance), the fishing activities (Harvest Sector), and post-catch tasks like processing and selling (Post-Harvest Sector).These scores come from a mix of two to eight smaller measurements for each aspect.Other measurements are used to estimate the overall score if a certain measurement isn't suitable or available.
The performance scoring of the anchovy fishery in the Java Sea generally indicates poor performance (with some ecological indicators scoring below 3).The catch per landing (CPUE) trend shows a relatively stable annual.However, the number of vessel landings during the last two years (2019 and 2020) has shown a significant increase in landing frequency, indicating massive fishing entry into the fishery.As a result, the Performance Stock component scored only 2.6 (Table 1).
The low score is also reflected in harvest asset performance, risk, and crew dimension, which are 2.3, 2.4, and 2.9, respectively.In addition, the market performance dimension in the post-harvest performance dimension is also unperformed, with a score of only 1.9.Table 1 shows the output dimension scores for measuring the wealth of the anchovy fishery.Figure 2 shows information on the health of the fish stock and its environmental impact, indicating whether the aquatic ecosystem is thriving and can support livelihoods or is severely depleted.The other metrics in the figure focus on how the fish are being used or wasted, examining if they are being caught and sold efficiently or lost due to overfishing, regulatory restrictions, or poor handling.
In the scoring process, The Fish Health and Environmental Performance, the proportion of harvest with a 3 rd party certification, along with the Selectivity and IUU Landings, got the scores of 1.1, 2.2, and 2.1, respectively, as shown in Figure 2.

Fig. 2. The stock and environmental health scores
The Input dimension score consists of 54 inputs used as indicators to achieve the sustainability of fishermen's welfare while considering ecosystem health (Table 2) below.The indicators used encompass all important factors that can be measured to create wealth and prosperity while supporting environmental health.Some components measured by FPI as input dimensions include macro factors that encompass overall environmental performance (National Environmental Performance), where scores for each country can be obtained through the Environmental Performance Index (EPI) published by Yale University to assess the environmental status of countries worldwide, including Indonesia [16].
In addition, Environmental Risk, National Governance, and National Economics are also factors considered in the scoring process for the macro factors component.Meanwhile, the Property Rights and Responsibility (Ownership Rights and Obligation) component includes other dimensions, such as Fishing Access Rights and Rights to Harvest.The score of each component and dimension are described in Table 2. Based on the scoring results of the 54 input dimensions, a poor score is indicated by the National Environmental Performance dimension with a score of 2. The EPI report for Indonesia obtained a score of 37.4 in 2020, placing the national environmental performance within the score range of 2, as shown in the above figure.
Poor scores (1-2) are also obtained in the input dimensions of management methods, participation and support, collective action, harvest rights, and fishing access rights, with scores ranging from 1 to 2. In the case of the anchovy fishery in North Java, the poor score (1-2) in the management methods dimension is due to the limited availability of data crucial for making appropriate fisheries management decisions.Another input dimension, fishing access rights, an important dimension in achieving sustainable fisheries, also obtained a poor score (2) due to the lack of implementation of limited access policies in the anchovy purse seine fishery.
Table 3 shows the average scores for the Triple Bottom Lines (TBL), which evaluate the fishery's economic, social, and environmental gains.The economic score assesses how efficiently the fishery maximizes benefits and checks for excess capacity or obstacles to beneficial trading.Meanwhile, the Community score measures how much the fishery contributes to the well-being and livelihoods of its local community.
The TBL Score shows good performance in the Community, while the Ecology and Economy are unperformed, with average scores of 2.68 and 2.63, respectively, as shown below in Table 3.The Managerial Returns dimension looks at the earnings of boat captains, permit holders, and those who own or manage processing operations, comparing these to local and industry-specific wage averages.It also considers the social respect gained from working in the fishing industry.Similarly, the Labor Returns dimension examines the income and social standing of the crew and processing workers and the opportunity costs of their jobs.These measures indicate how much money people are making compared to local standards and how important the fishing industry is to the community's economy and culture.They also show how much influence industry participants have in securing community resources and support for sustainable fishing practices.Anchovy fishing in the Java Sea generally has low-performance scores, especially in Ecology aspects, where some scores are below 3, because of the significant fishing entry to the fishing arena, as indicated by the major amount of landings.According to [1], the unregulated entry of fishing activities into the fishery can lead to the depletion of resources, necessitating prompt measures to manage the fishery effectively and prevent collapse.Another indication, such as increasing overfishing and a declining trend in CPUE, occurred in 2020 based on the catch data per vessel landing obtained at the Fish Auction Place (TPI) Pulau Lampes -Brebes.According to an additional source [9], marine conservation challenges in the fishing industry include overfishing, harmful fishing methods, damage to habitats, pollution, invasive species, misuse of protected areas for other activities, natural disasters, and climate change.
The low score is also reflected in fishing gear's selectivity criterion in the Ecologically Sustainable Fisheries dimension.This is due to the lack of regulations governing gear selectivity and allocating the number of purse seine vessels allowed to operate in the fishery.In the anchovy fishery in North Java, several non-target fish species are still frequently caught in the purse seine nets, including the juvenile and larvae of the other small pelagic fishes such as scads, Indian mackerel, shortfin scads, or squid.
The Ecologically Sustainable Fisheries dimension also measures the environmental performance, such as the status of critical habitat, which has relatively low scores.The poor environmental performance in the Java Sea is mainly attributed to the deteriorating conditions of important habitats, such as coral reefs, which serve as fishery resource habitats.Coral reef ecosystems have been under pressure due to various human activities, thus necessitating knowledge about fisheries resource management [8].A 50% reduction in natural habitats can result in a loss of species diversity ranging from 10% to 50% [3].[7] reported that the causes of coral reef ecosystem damage in Southeast Asia, including Indonesia, are as follows: (a) coastal development leading to sedimentation and marine pollution, such as dredging for land reclamation, sand mining, disposal of solid and liquid waste; (b) marine pollution resulting from activities at sea, such as pollution from ports, oil spills, waste disposal from ships, and direct impacts from ship anchoring; (c) land-based sedimentation and pollution, including deforestation, land use changes, and nonconservative agricultural practices; (d) overfishing; (e) destructive fishing practices, such as using bombs, toxins, and other harmful fishing gears; and (f) coral bleaching due to global climate change.Furthermore, [15] states that the quality of land-based activities greatly influences the health of coral reefs.
In the Harvest Sector Performance dimension of the Economic component, several dimensions, including Harvest asset performance, risk, and crew, exhibit poor performance.The low performance in Harvest Asset Performance is primarily attributed to indicators such as the asset value ratio to gross earnings and the borrowing rate relative to the risk-free rate.Owners of anchovy purse seine vessels typically obtain loans from cooperatives with relatively high-interest rates compared to banking loans, and the cost of vessel construction is relatively high compared to the potential value of the catch due to declining stocks.As a result, the indicators Ratio of Asset Value to Gross Earning and Borrowing Rate Relative to Risk-free rate receive very low scores, scoring only 1.
In the Economic section, the risk dimension also scores poorly.Factors like annual fluctuations in price, the amount of fish landed, and total revenue contribute to this low score.These fluctuating indicators represent the level of risk in the fishing enterprise.According to [1], the uncertainty in future catches, income, and prices makes it difficult for anchovy purse seine fishing businesses to make investment decisions, largely due to a lack of financial security.
The assessment of the anchovy purse seine fishing in North Java, based on sustainability's three main areas-environmental, economic, and community-shows that the community aspects perform better than the environmental and economic ones.Specifically, the community indicators scored highest in local ownership, employment, and community services.
In the anchovy purse seine fishery in North Java, 90% of the fishing businesses are owned and controlled by local entrepreneurs, as well as the workers and fishermen involved in the fishing and processing activities who are from the surrounding communities such as in Tegal Regency, Brebes Regency, Karawang Regency, and other areas that are fishing centers for anchovy.According to [1], the ability of a region to create prosperity is greatly determined by its ability to harness local resources, leading to direct economic multiplier effects on the local community.Suppose many fishermen come from outside the area.In that case, it can be expected that the economic benefits derived from resource utilization will flow out of the region, resulting in a limited economic impact on the local community.
Meanwhile, the ecological indicators specifically evaluate the performance of the anchovy fish stocks in North Java, with a low average score of only 2.63.Several matrices assessed in the ecological indicators include the proportion of certified catches, the percentage of overfished stocks, the status of stocks showing an upward or downward trend, regulations on catch limits, selectivity of fishing gear, and the status of critical habitats in the waters of North Java.These indicators are important in the assessment and scoring process.The scores are based on quantitative data obtained during field surveys and interviews with stakeholders in the anchovy fishery, including fishermen, vessel owners, fish processing entrepreneurs, and local fisheries authorities.
The significant contribution of small-scale fisheries to the total fishery production has led to a substantial reliance on the small-scale sector.However, simultaneously, overexploitation of fisheries resources and habitat degradation threaten coastal and marine resources.This is primarily due to inadequate management of the small-scale fisheries sector and ineffective approaches to managing fishing capacity and addressing conflicts.These approaches have not been able to keep up with the pace of economic development, population growth, food needs, and poverty [6].According to [5], the higher the rate of development, the greater the utilization of natural resources and their ecological impact.
The analysis of the economic indicators reveals relatively poor performance.In the financial category, various metrics are assessed, including resource utilization level (Landings Level), safety in harvesting practices (Harvest Safety), excess fishing capacity (Excess Capacity), length of the fishing season (Season Length), and historical total revenue over the past three years (Total Revenue versus Historic High).The resource utilization level assesses whether the anchovy fishery policies are based on the Maximum Economic Yield (MEY) concept.Suppose the anchovy fishery in the Java Sea can be managed based on the potential MEY; it is believed that the anchovy will achieve economic sustainability, leading to long-term prosperity for the fishing communities.
Based on the analysis of data, information, and interviews conducted with fishermen and stakeholders, it can be concluded that the anchovy fishery has not been managed based on its potential Maximum Economic Yield (MEY).This lack of adherence to the MEY concept has resulted in a low score in terms of economic performance.According to [13], small-scale fisheries in Indonesia are often confronted with uncertainties in both economic and environmental aspects.These two aspects also influence the social and institutional conditions, indicating that all four aspects cannot be separated to optimize small-scale fisheries activities.

Conclusion
The Fishery Performance Indicators tool shows that the anchovy fishing industry does well in community aspects but poorly in environmental and economic areas.This suggests that the local community still heavily relies on the fishery despite the ecological concerns and economic risks.
We'd like to thank the Pulolampes and Tegal Port fishery district offices and the Central Java Province office for helping us set up talks with fishermen.We're also grateful to the Fisheries Research Center of the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries for allowing us to conduct our field survey.

Fig. 1 .
Fig. 1.The Fishing ground of modified anchovy purse seine in the Java Sea based in Tegal and Brebes Fishing Ports (red circle indicating the location of fishing)

Figure 3
Figure 3 shows better performance in the Community metrics, consisting of high scores in Local Labor, Local Ownership, and Community Services, as well as Managerial Returns, with scores of 4.5, 4.9, and 4.2, respectively.The Managerial Returns dimension looks at the earnings of boat captains, permit holders, and those who own or manage processing operations, comparing these to local and industry-specific wage averages.It also considers the social respect gained from working in the fishing industry.Similarly, the Labor Returns dimension examines the income and social standing of the crew and processing workers and the opportunity costs of their jobs.These measures indicate how much money people are making compared to local standards and how important the fishing industry is to the community's economy and culture.They also show how much influence industry participants have in securing community resources and support for sustainable fishing practices.

Fig. 3 .
Fig. 3.The output scores based on the Triple Bottom Line (Ecology, Economy, and Community)

Table 3 .
Fishery Performance Indicators: Outputs by TBL Indicator