A review of ocean health index research: towards the development of its dynamic model in Indonesia

. Many studies use Ocean Health Index (OHI) calculations on global and regional scales. There was still a dearth of research that used a framework to examine the local level. Meanwhile, policies to achieve environmental management objectives for marine ecosystems will be more applicable locally. This study aims to discover the most appropriate benchmark for OHI calculations on a local scale, namely by reviewing manuscripts from 2012 to 2022 based on geography, publication field, resolution, and data sources. The data were used to determine benchmarks for OHI calculations based on manuscripts published. One thousand five hundred manuscripts were discovered and verified via the Clarivate Analytics Web of Knowledge . We discovered 26 manuscripts each: 12 global, 11 regional, and three local. The trend of manuscripts increased in 2014, 2016, and 2021. Most manuscripts were published in journals focused on multidisciplinary natural resources management and environmental science. The rest of the manuscripts were published in earth and planetary science, ecological science, environment management (cid:481)(cid:3) biochemistry, and energy journals. The widespread use of OHI requires each country to create comparable measurement techniques by changing the OHI to include factors and indications relevant to each country, including Indonesia.


Introduction
The United Nations has stated in the Sustainable Development Goals: Sustainable Development Goals#14 (SDG14) encourages the conservation and wise use of marine resources for a sustainable future.The only source of sustained benefits for mankind today and in the future is a healthy ocean.The Ocean Health Index (OHI) measurement method was created in the last decade (2012)(2013)(2014)(2015)(2016)(2017)(2018)(2019)(2020)(2021)(2022) to address concerns about healthy seas that can offer various long-term benefits for people in every coastal nation in the world.OHI is an assessment tool that measures ten key elements of ocean health that are seen from the biological, physical, and socio-economic dimensions, which include food provision, the potential for artisanal fishing, a natural substance, storing carbon, protection of the shore, tourism, and recreation, coastal livelihood and economic, sense of place: Iconic species and lasting special places, clean water, biodiversity: habitats, species.OHI evaluation, which summarizes these objectives and rates them on a scale of 0 to 100, provides a thorough picture of the state of the environment that may be shared with the public.It offers a comprehensive picture of the ecosystem's state that can be shared with various audiences [1].The OHI Framework is uniform but can be modified for many situations and spatial scales.Since 2012, 220 nations and coastal areas have evaluated their ocean health annually using the OHI methodology [2].The OHI framework has been used on a global, regional, and local scale in places like the West Coast of the United States [3], Brazil [4], the Fiji Islands [5], Canada [6], Xiamen China [7], the Antarctic [8].There have been numerous studies that use OHI at global and regional scales.However, very little research still uses a framework to investigate marine health at the local provincial, district, or city scale.At the regional level (provincial, district, or city), policies to meet the environmental management objectives of marine ecosystems will be more applicable.Additionally, OHI at the global scale uses a variety of global data sources and analytical techniques with a level of accuracy that is typically erroneous at the local scale.The regional OHI is an improvement on the global OHI, concentrating on objectives and sub-goals specially tailored for particular locations while summarizing the overall methodology used [9], like the OHI regional Fiji Islands.A regional OHI can also be created to assess an index designed to address issues unique to each nation by adding better resolution data, site-specific targets, and regional proxies for goal computation, as was used in Brazil [10].The spatial boundaries used in global and regional OHI calculations are within the 200-nautical mile exclusive economic zone (EEZ).
Local OHI measurements have been made in a number of Indonesian locations, including Jakarta Bay, Balikpapan Bay, and Bali Province [30].The Coordinating Ministry for Maritime Affairs and Investment 2020 released the standard for calculating OHI in Indonesia, currently known as the Indonesian Ocean Health Index, and references to research [11].The sixth agenda of the medium-term development plan for 2020-2024 mandates OHI measurement policies.In Indonesia, there are many and a wide variety of marine and fishing resources.Being the second-largest producer of coral reefs in the world, Indonesia has a huge impact on preserving fisheries sustainability and marine development for the benefit of the community.Utilization of marine resources is a fascinating occurrence that takes place in practically all Indonesian waterways.Communities are aware of how much a healthy marine ecology benefits them both directly and indirectly.One of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) #14 is to conserve and sustainably utilize ocean, sea, and marine resources for sustainable development, and Indonesia has vowed to assist it with its wealth to a variety of international organizations.These goals include reducing the effects of global warming, improving food security, and improving people's welfare.There are a lot of studies that use OHI calculations on a global and regional scale.However, research that uses a framework to investigate marine health at the provincial, district, and city levels is still very scarce.Policies to achieve the goals of marine ecosystems for environmental management will be more applicable at the local (province, district, or city) level.Additionally, OHI at the global scale uses a variety of global data sources and analytical techniques with a level of accuracy that is typically erroneous at the local scale.The regional OHI improves the global OHI, concentrating on objectives and sub-goals especially tailored for particular locations while summarizing the overall methodology [9].The goal of this study is to obtain the most suitable benchmark for OHI calculations on a local scale, namely by reviewing the research literature related to OHI from 2012 to 2022 based on geographic area, publication field, spatial resolution, and sources of data.
The Clarivate Analytics Web of Knowledge (http://webofknowledge.com) was searched for publications containing the terms "ocean health" or "ocean health index" to conduct a bibliometric study of the global OHI literature.The Clarivate Analytics Web of Knowledge was used to identify literature from 2012 to 2022.Using R's "bibliometrix" package, 1,500 manuscripts were found in Clarivate AnalyticsWeb of Knowledge [12].Of the 1,500 obtained manuscripts, 50 were published in the Ocean Health Index.Of the 50 manuscripts listed, only 26 manuscripts published in journals were indexed globally, as shown in Appendix 1.The next phase involves classifying data according to location, research trend, country, publishing type (publication field), spatial resolution, and temporal resolution [13].The advantages and disadvantages of each of the 26 publications were then determined using the categorization results, which helped researchers choose the best benchmark when using local (district) scale OHI calculations.

Results and Discussion
The number of publications from 2012 to 2022 is displayed in Table 1.The United States has the greatest publication rate, followed by China, Fiji, Brazil, Colombia, Canada, Turki, Dan, and several European and Pacific countries.We determine publishing rates by country using permissible author connections.Distribution of published OHI in the USA was mostly on a global and regional scale, such as the U.S. West Coast, California current, Antarctic coast and sea.Nearly 65% of research on OHI is carried out by USA researchers, most of which are in American territory (Figure 1.a).Whereas in China, OHI research was more on a district (city) scale, such as in Xiamen in 2016 [14] and Shanghai in 2021 [15].For other countries such as Fiji, Canada, Turkey, Colombia, Brazil, and several European countries, it was more on a regional scale.OHI publications on a global and regional scale are more dominating than on a local scale, although the level of lower spatial resolution.Over the last ten years, OHI publications at global and regional levels dominate around 58 % and 31% of the total OHI publications (Figure 1.b).This is related to the accessibility of global data, which is simpler to collect with a more extended temporal resolution.Regional OHI enhanced global OHI, encapsulating a complete approach while concentrating on goals and subgoals uniquely designed for a specific geographic area [5].Regional OHI can also be made to evaluate the flexibility and scalability of indices adapted to nation-specific problems by incorporating more detailed information, region-specific proxies, and site-specific targets to calculate goals [4].Most manuscripts were published in journals focused on multidisciplinary natural resources management and environmental science.The rest of the manuscripts were published in journals Earth and Planetary Science, Ecological Science, Environment Management Biochemistry, Energy, and others (Figure 1.c).Given the multidisciplinary ( ( ( ( nature of OHI, it makes sense that most manuscripts are published in journals of multidisciplinary natural management. In 2012, the trend of OHI-related articles started, and it is expected to get worse in 2014, 2016, and 2021 Figure 2. In 2012, a global ocean health index was initiated.Developed countries frequently outperform underdeveloped ones, with the total index score for all countries being 60 out of 100 (with a range of 36 to 86) [11].Beginning in 2013 -2014, the ocean health index was calculated using a regional application like California Current, US West Coast, Fuji islands, and Brazil.Research on OHI reached its highest level in a decade in 2014, particularly on a regional level Figure 2. [5] demonstrated how the methodology of the global ocean health index may be used for scenarios with less data and modified to take into consideration the goals and setting of an island country in development.The two objectives underwent significant alterations, even though these modifications did not significantly impact the overall index scores.The OHI score provides insight into the nation's values and development objectives.Fiji scored well for the objectives of tourism and recreation but poorly for the objectives of natural production-oriented goods and the subobjective of mariculture, which could reflect the nation's ideals and development objectives.2015 had a decline in the OHI research trend from 2014.The focus of OHI research is mainly on global applications that are impacted by growing anthropogenic impacts brought on by climate change.In 77% of national jurisdictions and more than 66% of oceanic areas, pressures from climate change have a more significant effect on people.Pressure increase significantly impacts 5%, while 10% is just marginally affected by falling pressure [16].The worldwide Index score increased by one point, from 67 to 68, but numerous national index and goal scores had more significant changes.Per-country Index scores increased on average by 0.06 points (from -8 to +12), and they ranged from 41 to 95 [1].In 2016, the trend of OHI research increased again, as in 2014, for both open ocean and regional applications.The 15 high seas regions' Ocean Health Index (OHI) values ranged from 53 to 79 out of 100 (average per-region score, 66), with a total score of 67 for all high seas regions.The Arctic, Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic were each home to the top-scoring and lowest-scoring high seas zones, respectively (excluding the Arctic) [17].Interdisciplinary cooperation increases the potential of OHI at the local and regional levels.They consisted of a multi-stakeholder approach, social factors, and the accuracy of regional and global data [18].Moreover, research on enhancing the OHI calculation method was conducted in 2016, particularly when calculating environmental parameters with frequent data gaps.A gap-filling method is required because indicators used to measure OHI's environmental systems often induce ambiguity due to data loss [19].Local-scale OHI research was conducted in Shanghai city for the first time in 2016.OHI's overall score for Xiamen is 52 out of 100, with individual evaluations between 28 and 96 for various reasons, according to [20] study.Environmentally conscious objectives, including clean water, coastal storage, and coastal preservation, received very poor scores.Coastal lifestyles and economies, sense of place, and tourism and recreation are some of the social and economic factors that affect destinations that obtain high marks.
The OHI research trend in 2017 has declined from the previous year and was essentially the same as in 2015.More OHI research was for global and regional applications.The global application was by conducting OHI assessment reviews in several regions for the past five years.Based on observations made over a 5-year period in 220 different nations, the global score changed less than the regional score.Each nation saw a substantial change in how its fisheries are managed and protected by the law.These regulations are necessary to address the rapid variation in ice loss affecting ocean health [21].While regional applications in 2017 included the Antarctic coast and sea, Canada.The Antarctic system further OHI research is needed on aspects of natural and social science.Otherwise, it would be necessary to analyze targets under various scenarios to offer solid scientific guidance for regional decision-making in the future [22].In Canada, future OHI score comparisons can be based on these early versions of OHI.Additionally, it may be applied as a management tool to prioritize initiatives at the federal level and forecast public support for these initiatives.OHI publications have declined from 2018 to 2019, both regionally and globally.Only two publications during those two years.The first publication was regional OHI in Turki, where OHI calculations were produced yearly from 2013 to 2017.OHI score changed between 2013 and 2015, varying between 63, 62, and 61, and dropping to 57 in 2016 and 2017 [23].Another publication was carried out by [24], which estimated uncertainty in captured fisheries objectives from OHI.
In 2020, OHI publications have increased from the previous two years.It was not perfect when OHI global was originally introduced in 2012 because OHI assessment strongly depends on ongoing financing to collect monitoring data [25].British Columbia's regional OHI variations from 2001 to 2016 were 75 and 83, respectively.On the North Coast in 2002, OHI scores for inhabited areas ranged from 68 to 87 on West Vancouver Island in 2011.Tourism, recreation, and habitat services received the highest ratings for their objectives.Goals like sense of location and food supply received the lowest ratings [26].In 2021, OHI research trends peaked again in 2021, as in 2014 and 2016.There were three publications in 2021.From 2005 to 2017, the first [27] oceans in the furthest North of the United States were healthy.The OHI score after 13 years was 83.This rating has changed by one point both ways (82-84).As evidenced by the region's huge cod and lobster fisheries, coastal tourism, and the current growth of offshore energy, the Northeast of the United States has historically benefited from the ocean.In recent decades, the area has seen a tremendous population increase along the coast and the influx of new industries into the maritime environment, making it one of the planet's fastest-warming locations.The availability and distribution of these benefits have changed due to these changes, which have also produced ecosystem modifications.
In 2022, OHI research trends decreased from the previous year and were at the same point as in 2020.The OHI value can be used to determine the status and changes in each socioecological system impact on the coast of tropical islands.Additionally, to monitor changes in marine socio-ecological systems, a time series and localized OHI value assessment can be used [28].[29] argue that the idea of ocean "health" masks the fact that human activity is intricately tied to how the work of the sea misrepresents the evolution of ecosystems on Earth and makes the ocean seem impersonal and apolitical, which is somewhat different from the conclusions of the preceding argument.
The widespread use of OHI requires each country to create comparable measurement techniques by changing the OHI to include factors and indications relevant to each country, including Indonesia.The marine and fishery resources in Indonesia are numerous and quite diverse.As the nation with the second-largest coral reef in the world, Indonesia plays a significant part in guaranteeing the sustainability of fisheries and marine development for the welfare of society.Due to Indonesia's physical condition, around 66% of its territory is ocean.Marine resources are significant as the basis for economic growth in society.Government and society are aware of how important direct and indirect dependence on marine resources is.There is no doubt that how the maritime economy develops for the nation and society in the present and the future depends on how marine resources are doing.Because of its marine resources, Indonesia is dedicated to participating in international forums and organizations that support global goals, including the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG)#14, which focuses on marine protection.
In 2018, the first study on Indonesia's ocean health index was carried out in Bali province.It generated a score of 51 out of a possible 100 (CNN Indonesia, 2018).Indonesia's Ocean Health Index was ranked 137 out of 221 countries in 2018, scoring 65 out of 100, lower than the 71 global average.Indonesian's OHI calculations have been carried out again in 2020 and 2021, with results of 73.44 and 76.76, respectively.In Indonesia, the coordinating ministry for maritime and investment has initiated and coordinated all stakeholders to compile the Indonesian Ocean Health Index Plus (OHI + ) since 2019.OHI(+) is a modified version of OHI that keeps the ten global goals and targets but adds variables and indicators appropriate for Indonesia's maritime development In 2020, the Indonesian government, through the Coordinating Ministry for Maritime and Investing Affairs, prepared and published guidelines for measuring Indonesia's ocean health index.Improvements in OHI (+) scores from 2020 to 2021 saw an increase in scores for most targets/goals, except for Artisanal Fisheries and Tourism and Recreation Service Providers, which fell significantly.These two objectives lost importance, which may have contributed to the COVID-19 epidemic.Between 2012 and 2022, most OHI research was conducted on a worldwide and regional scale, with a level of precision that tended to be erroneous locally, employing a variety of global data sources and global scale analysis methods.While strategies to fulfill environmental management goals for marine ecosystems will be more applicable at the regional level, local-scale OHI is still relatively infrequently applied.According to Selig et al. (2015), regional OHI is a refinement of global OHI for the Fiji Islands.By adding higher resolution data, location-specific targets, and regional proxies for calculating objectives, regional OHI can also be built to test the scalability and adaptability of indices adapted to country-specific problems (Elfes et al. 2014), as put into practice in Brazil.

Conclusion
We discovered 26 manuscripts each: 12 global, 11 regional, and three local.Global and regional OHI use over 60 meters of spatial resolution and 200 miles and 12 miles offshore spatial boundaries, respectively.The USA and China were the top countries with the highest percentage published.The trend of manuscripts was expected to increase in 2014, 2016, and 2021.Most manuscripts were published in journals focused on multidisciplinary natural resources management and environmental science.The rest of the manuscripts were published in earth and planetary science, ecological science, environment management, biochemistry, and energy journals The widespread use of OHI requires each country to create comparable measurement techniques by changing the OHI to include factors and indications relevant to each country, including Indonesia.Between 2012 and 2022, most OHI research was conducted on a worldwide and regional scale, with a level of precision that tended to be erroneous locally, employing a variety of global data sources and global scale analysis methods.While strategies to fulfill environmental management goals for marine ecosystems will be more applicable at the regional level, local-scale OHI is still relatively infrequently applied.

Figure 1 .Figure 2 .
Figure 1.(a) Distribution of published OHI studies in the world (b) Publishes OHI studies at the scale (global, regional or local) (c) OHI publication field