The Entrepreneurial Characters of Farmers That Influence on Profits of Shallot Farming in Coastal Land

. This article contains the results of research with a purpose to determine the farmer’s entrepreneurial character, the profits, and analyze the entrepreneurial character that influencing the profits of shallot farming in coastal lands, Panjatan District, Kulon Progo. The sampling technique used is simple random sampling. This research was conducted using descriptive quantitative analysis. Determination of respondents by simple random sampling as many as 40 farmers among 76 farmers who planted shallots on coastal land during the study. The entrepreneurial character analysis uses an assessment based on the Likert scale, while analyzing the entrepreneurial character that affects the profits of shallot farming using multiple linear regression. The result of research shows that the entrepreneurial character score is 3.17. Internal factors show the score obtained is 3.14. External factors score is 3.54. The shallot farming analysis shows that the total costs are IDR 5,290,619 per 1,000 m2, Revenue IDR 7,312,625 per 1,000 m2. Income IDR 1,529,897 per 1,000 m2, and Profit IDR 2,022,006 per 1,000 m2. Multiple linear regression analysis shows that entrepreneurial character factors that have a significant effect on profit are facing change. The conclusion obtained is that entrepreneurial character analysis has a strong category.


Introduction
Agriculture is an important sector in building the country's economy because it generates foreign exchange for the country and plays a major role in maintaining resilience and meeting food needs [1].One of the potential commodities to continue to be developed is horticulture because it has high economic value and market demand.One of them is red onion, as a seasoning ingredient in everyday life.As the population increases, the demand for shallots also increases, with a high elasticity of demand [2].Loose and fertile soil that contains organic material to produce more optimal growth and production of shallots [3].
Shallots require maximum exposure to sunlight (minimum 70% exposure), with an air temperature of 25-32°C, and relative humidity of 50-70% [4,5].Shallot cultivation can be carried out on coastal land to overcome the narrowing of agricultural land due to land conversion.According to the Central Bureau of Statistics for Kulon Progo Regency in 2021, most of the shallot cultivation in coastal sand areas is in Panjatan District.According to the research results [6], that one of the prospective opportunities for agribusiness development is the use of beach sand land by planting superior commodities such as shallots.
Coastal land is marginal land with low productivity so that the farming process needs special treatment.The texture is rough, the ability to hold water is low, and during the day the soil temperature will increase causing high evaporation.so that farmers need to use more fertilizer and water, which results in higher costs [7].
Farmers must be able to allocate production factors that are used efficiently to obtain sufficient yields to meet family needs while developing their agricultural activities [8].Behavior and attitudes are related to character, which can be formed from life experiences, suffering, ambition, and the desire to succeed.This behavior can be developed from an early age and can be obtained from training and positive habits [9].There is an influence of the entrepreneurial character of farmers so that they can manage farming efficiently [10] so research on the entrepreneurial character of farmers that influences the profits of farming on coastal land needs to be done, with the aim of knowing the advantages of shallot farming; and knowing the entrepreneurial character of farmers that affect their profits.

Method
The research was carried out in the coastal lands of Panjatan District, Kulon Progo Regency, with the study population being farmers in Bugel Village and Garongan Village who received the TAJUK variety of shallot seeds from the government.Intake of 40 samples proportional simple random sampling, from Bugel Village as many as 14 samples while from Garongan Village as many as 26 samples.Before collecting interval data from respondents, the validity and reliability tests were carried out.According to [11,12] validity indicates the degree of accuracy between the data that occurs on the object with data that can be collected by researchers.The formula for the validity test is as follows: Based on the research results, all the questions on the questionnaire used in this study are valid because the r-count > r-table value with an error rate of 5%.

Reliability test
According to (Ridwan, 2010) test the reliability of the research instrument using the Cronbach's Alpha formula.An instrument can be said to be reliable if it has a reliability coefficient or alpha of 0.5 or more.The stages of calculating reliability can be measured using the following formula: 2. Calculate the total variance.
3. Calculating the reliability of the instrument.The results of the reliability test in this study have a Cronbach's value > critical r.This means that all question items on the questionnaire are reliable.Farming analysis includes production costs, receipts, income, and profits.[13,14].Analysis of factors that affect the profit of farming using multiple linear regression.As the dependent variable is profit (Y), the independent variable is entrepreneurial character, internal factors, and external factors.In the entrepreneurial character variable, there are 5 supporting indicators, namely achievement motivation, leadership, orientation to the future, business networks, and dealing with change.In the internal factor variables, there are 4 indicators, namely farmer age, business experience, education level, and family responsibilities.On external variables there are 4 indicators, namely family, community, government support, and the development of transportation infrastructure.
In each indicator of entrepreneurial character there are supporting indicators.There are 4 supporting indicators for achievement motivation, namely extroversion, need for achievement, execution, and supervision.In the leadership indicator there are 4 supporting indicators, namely independence, taking risks, self-confidence, and organizing.In the future orientation indicator, there are 3 supporting indicators, namely developments in the use of production technology, skills, and market orientation.In the business network indicator, there are 3 supporting indicators in it, namely business groups, financial institutions, and higher education institutions.In the indicators facing change, there are 4 supporting indicators, namely the development of business profits, developments in the use of information technology, product diversification, and creativity.To find out the influencing factors, a multiple regression test was carried out on the production function:

Entrepreneurial Character of Shallot Farmer
The level of entrepreneurial character can be seen in Table 2. points can also hinder farming development.Unlike the horticultural farmers in Lembang District who have strong leadership [15] The average score of the strongest is future orientation indicator.This means that farmers are aware of the increasingly stringent competitiveness of farming, the need for planning in farming so as not to experience big losses.While the results of the study [16], show that the achievement motivation of household furniture farmers is in the very strong category.

Internal and external factors
Shallot farming in the coastal land of Panjatan District also involves internal and external factors.Internal factors are factors that come from within the farmer and can affect the success of the business.Based on table 3 shallot farmers have sufficient internal factors to help maximize their business.The family dependents sub-indicator has the highest average score of the internal factor sub-indicators, meaning that the larger the family's dependents, the more living expenses are required.This can motivate them to be more efficient in farming, it is also possible to get labor assistance in larger families.External factors are factors that come from outside the farmer that can affect the success of farming.Based on table 4 the average score of the external factor indicator is 3.54.This shows that farmers have strong external factors.This support is very helpful for the development of ongoing farming.The more support given from external, the farmers can maximize their business.

Onion farming analysis
Shallot farming on sandy beach land takes 2 months until it is ready to be harvested like farming on non-sand land.Production costs at one planting season incurred by farmers are divided into implicit and explicit costs.

Buy your own seeds (explicit fee)
The cost of purchasing the seeds themselves is the amount of money incurred by farmers to buy additional shallot seeds.Some farmers feel that the seed assistance provided is lacking, so the farmers buy additional seeds themselves according to the area of land they cultivate.

Seeds government assistance (implicit cost)
The government helped farmers in the form of 35 kg of shallot seeds with the TAJUK variety.most widely used chemical fertilizer by farmers is NPK with an average purchase of IDR 427,125 per 1,204 m2.

Pesticide costs (explicit costs)
Medicines function to eradicate pests, diseases, and weeds so that the results of shallot farming can be maximized.Based on table 8 data, it is known that the total cost used for the use of drugs is IDR 214,540.The most widely used drugs were fungicides, as much as 0.68 kg with a total cost of IDR 82,231 per 1,204 m2.This is because shallot plants are often attacked by fungi, so they need quite a lot of fungicide.According to the opinion of [17] medicines are always used by farmers in the process of farming.In selecting the type of drug and its dosage, farmers prefer to see the success of other farmers or from their own experience without reading the instructions for use on the packaging.

Fuel costs (explicit costs)
In cultivating shallots in coastal areas, gasoline is needed for diesel fuel, there are also those that require electricity to be used when turning on the water machine during the watering process.Based on the results of the study, it shows that the average cost of using electricity is IDR 78,000 per 1,204 m2.A total of 9 farmers uses electricity to water the plants in the morning and evening.The average cost of using gasoline is IDR 244,000 per 1,204 m2.As many as 31 farmers use diesel water pumps to get water in the process of watering plants in the morning and evening or use it for lighting/pest repellent when the attacks start to appear.

Other Expenses (explicit costs)
Other costs are costs incurred by farmers in farming, one of which is the cost of renting a tractor.The results showed that the average cost of renting a tractor was IDR 153,000 per 1,204 m2.The use of tractors is carried out for processing land so that it is effective and efficient.As many as 27 farmers use tractors, while 13 farmers use hoes for land preparation.

Equipment depreciation costs (explicit costs)
Equipment depreciation costs are costs that are allocated to replace tools that are no longer usable and must be replaced with new ones.Based on table 9 it is known that the total equipment depreciation cost is IDR 148,176 per 1,204 m2.The most spent depreciation expense is diesel depreciation cost of IDR 62,700 per 1,204 m2/planting season, due to the high purchase price.Meanwhile, the lowest is the cost of depreciation of buckets of IDR 168 per 1,204 m2/planting season.This is because the purchase price of the equipment is cheap.

Own capital interest (implicit cost)
Own capital is capital owned by farmers for initial capital for shallot farming businesses in sandy beach land, Panjatan District.The interest rate used to calculate it is like the interest on loan capital that applies to local banks, which is 6% per year.
Based on research data there are 33 farmers who use sources of capital financing from their own capital.On average, shallot farmers use their own capital of IDR

Labor in the Family (implicit costs)
Labor in the family is labor that comes from within the family.Based on table 12 it is known that the costs incurred in using labor in the family are IDR 1,820,375 per 1,204 m2.The number of uses is greater than that of non-family labour.The labor that is needed is during the harvesting process due to the large number of production results, more energy is needed.The average cost of wages earned is Rp.Rp. 59,464/HKO.Based on the data in table 13 above, the average cost incurred for the use of labor outside the family is IDR 649,349 per 1.204 m2.

Explicit costs
Explicit costs are costs directly incurred by shallot farmers to run their business.14 above, it shows that the costs incurred by shallot farmers in beach sand land at an explicit cost of IDR 4,561,215 per 1,204 m2.

Implicit cost
Implicit costs are indirect costs incurred by shallot farmers to run their business.15 above, it shows that the costs incurred indirectly by shallot farmers in beach sand land are at an implicit cost of IDR 3,075,173 per 1,204 m2.The most incurred costs were TKDK costs of IDR 1,820,375.

total cost
The total cost is the production cost incurred by farmers for shallot farming on sandy beach land during one growing season.

Receipt, revenue, and profit
The acceptance of shallot farmers in the sand beach of the Panjatan sub-district is obtained from the production results multiplied by the selling price of the product.The income of shallot farmers in the sand beach of the Panjatan sub-district is obtained from the difference between income and explicit costs.While the profits of shallot farmers are obtained from the difference between revenue and total costs, a net profit will be obtained.2.028.This means that entrepreneurial character has a significant effect on the profits of shallot farming.Therefore, it requires further analysis related to 5 indicators (achievement motivation, leadership, orientation to the future, business networks, and facing change) that influence the profits of shallot farming.

Multiple linear regression on entrepreneurial character indicators
Multiple linear regression analysis on entrepreneurial character indicators that influence the profits of shallot farming can be seen in table 20 below: farming increases by IDR 13.4.Orientation to the future (X3) has a coefficient of -0.208, meaning that if the orientation to the future increases by 1 scale, the profit of farming decreases by IDR 20.8.Business network (X4) has a coefficient of 0.068, meaning that if the business network increases by 1 scale, the profit of farming increases by IDR 6.8.Facing change (X5) has a coefficient of 0.327, which means that if you face a change that increases by 1 scale, the profit of farming increases by IDR 32.7.

The coefficient of determination (R2)
Following are the results of the determination test (R2) which serves to determine what percentage of the influence if the independent variable on the dependent variable.Following are the results of the determination test (R2) as follows: Based on table 21 above, the magnitude of the coefficient of determination (R2) is 0.253.This shows that the ability on indicators of achievement motivation (X1), leadership (X2), future orientation (X3), business network (X4), facing change (X5) has an effect to a profit of 25.3%.While the rest is explained by other variables outside the variables used in this study.

F Test (Simultaneous)
The following is the result of the f (simultaneous) test which functions to determine the comparison of calculated f values with f tables.Based on the results of the t test (partial) table 20 it is known that the calculated t value is subject to change (X5) of 2.270 with a significant result of 0.030 <0.05 or t count 2.270 > t table 2.023.This means that the indicators facing changes have a significant effect on the profits of shallot farming.This is because the other 4 indicators are less flexible if there are problems in the future that require responsive, innovative, and creative solutions.For example, in dealing with pests and diseases during the production process.If farmers have creativity such as installation light trap in reducing pest attacks and providing sufficient fungicide-type drugs or keeping the planting media from getting damp, it is possible for farmers to get maximum production results.

Conclusion
Based on the results of the analysis and discussion above, it can be concluded that the average entrepreneurial character of shallot farmers in sandy beach land in Panjatan District has a strong category.Of the 5 indicators of entrepreneurial character, the most prominent is the future orientation indicator with a strong category.The profit for the shallot farmers in the sandy beach area of Panjatan District is IDR 2,501,632 per 1,204 m2.The entrepreneurial character that has a real effect on farming profits is facing change.
The suggestions expected from the results of this study are to improve shallot farming by analyzing and recording expenditures and income related to the costs used in shallot farming so that it is useful for learning for the next period to be better and maximal.In addition to increasing new knowledge and experience about the causes of farmers getting losses when planting shallots from the planning to harvest point of view.

Table 1 .
Level of Entrepreneurial Character

Table 2 .
Entrepreneurial Character Level of Shallot Farmers in Coastal Land Panjatan, Kulonprogo Based on Table2it is known that shallot farmers in beach sand land have a sufficient level of entrepreneurial character, with an average score of the weakest leadership indicator.It is difficult to hope that a weak leadership spirit can advance shallot farming with its management capabilities.The courageous sub-indicator in taking risks that has the lowest

Table 5 .
Average cost of buying shallot seeds yourself per 1,204 m2.

Table 6 .
Average Cost of Seeds Assisted by the Government for Onion Farming Red in the Panjatan Coastal Land per 1,204 m2.
Based on the data in table 6 above, it shows that the average seed that farmers get from government assistance is 35 kg at a price of IDR 35,000/kg.The total cost of seed assistance is IDR 1,225,000 per 1,204 m2.3.3.3Fertilizer Cost (explicit cost)

Table 7 .
Average fertilizer uses per 1,204 m2 shallot farming in coastal land, Panjatan Kulon Progo Fertilizer serves to provide a source of plant nutrition and increase soil fertility, so it absolutely needs to be provided.Based on table 7 it is known that the average use of fertilizer for shallot farming is IDR 1,737,438 per 1,204 m2.Manure is the most widely used fertilizer as basic fertilizer, an average of 2,100 kg is used at a cost of IDR 911,875 per 1,204 m2.The

Table 8 .
Mean Pesticide use per 1,204 m2 shallot farming in coastal land, Panjatan

Table 9 .
Average cost of depreciation of shallot farming equipment in coastal land in Panjatan per 1,204 m2.

Table 12 .
The average labor force in the shallot farming family in the coastal Land Panjatan Kulon Progo per 1,204 m2.

Table 16 .
The total cost of shallot farming in the Coastal Land of Panjatan Kulon Progo per 1,204 m2.

Table 17 .
The average Revenue of shallot farmers in the Coastal Land of Panjatan Kulon Progoper 1,204 m2.Based on table 17 data, it is known that the average income earned by farmers in shallot farming on sandy beach land is IDR.10,138,020 per 1,204 m2.The average amount of production obtained is 667 kg with a selling price of IDR 15,200/kg.

Table 18 .
Average income and profits of shallot farming in Coastal Land, in PanjatanMultiple linear regression analysis on entrepreneurial character, internal factors, and external factors that influence the profits of shallot farming can be seen in table 19 below:

Table 19 .
Results of multiple linear regression tests and t (partial) tests on entrepreneurial character, internal factors, and external factors.

Table 20 .
The results of multiple linear regression tests and t (partial) tests on entrepreneurial character indicators.X5) is considered unchanged, then the profit of shallot farming will decrease in value to 1.277.It is known that the magnitude of the coefficient of each independent variable, achievement motivation (X1) has a coefficient of 0.193, meaning that if the achievement motivation increases by 1 scale, the profit of farming increases by IDR 19.3.Leadership (X2) has a coefficient of 0.134, meaning that if leadership increases by 1 scale, the profit of

Table 21 .
Results of the determination test (R2) on entrepreneurial character indicators

Table 22 .
Results of the f (simultaneous) test on entrepreneurial character indicators Based on table 22 data, it is known that the indicator of achievement motivation (X1), leadership (X2), future orientation (X3), business network (X4), facing change (X5) jointly affect profits, as evidenced by the sig value of 0.009 <0.05 or F count 3.647 > F table 2.494.