Issues of improving cotton reform

. In the article, in modern conditions, economic relations between farms specializing in the production of raw cotton and enterprises of the cotton-textile cluster, their obligations and rights, completely new production and marketing relations, measures to organize the principles for the sale of finished products are considered. Cotton products in the domestic and foreign markets. An analysis of the work carried out in the cotton industry of the Kashkadarya region is also presented.


Introduction
It is worth noting that in "New Uzbekistan" our farmers and peasants grow all kinds of fruits and vegetables, grain and cotton raw materials, bring billions of dollars in revenue to our state budget, ensure the abundance of our markets, and due to this, conditions are created for stable food security [1][2][3][4][5].
From the first years of independence of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the priority task was to achieve grain independence, to fully provide the population with food, to fully satisfy the needs of the citizens of the republic in bread and bakery products, therefore, the first of the reforms was the reorganization of peasant farms, the irrigation of landowners' farms.The issue of allocating fertile land areas became the basis of the main economic policy of independent Uzbekistan and went down in history [6][7][8][9][10].
From this period, state farms and collective farms were completely abolished in the country, and instead of them, cooperative (collective farm) farms, farms and peasant farms began to be organized [11][12][13][14][15].
During these years, 4 laws were adopted, which provided for the rapid development of agriculture in our country, in order to accelerate economic reforms in agriculture: At that time, the laws "On the State Land Cadastre", "On Peasant Farms", "On Peasant Farms" and "On Peasant Farms" came into force.
Several years of practical experience have shown that the adopted laws were a timely and far-sighted step from the first years of independence.
Of course, a lot of experience was accumulated along this path, the principles of a market economy were justified in life, despite great difficulties, gradually the activities of joint-stock farms were completely abolished, and farms came in their place.into life as the main producers of agricultural products, and peasant farms also proved to be the main commodity-producing entities.
To date, the farms have been able to produce about 97-98 percent of the country's grain and cotton raw materials, a sense of ownership of the land has appeared on the farms, the main part of the irrigated agricultural land has been closed to them on the basis of longterm contracts with the right to inherit about 50 years.property, farmers received equipment and other production tools to achieve field crops, increase the productivity of irrigated areas, improve land reclamation, clean ditches and ditches, equip canals, cultivate land in a quality manner, and increase the yield of grain and cotton raw materials.They are constantly doing research to increase, they are constantly trying to implement huge reforms to attract new technologies, make investments and carry out capital works to add land to land.
Undoubtedly, over the past period, our state, as the main reformer, has effectively used world experience, carried out a number of reforms in the field of optimizing farms with extensive use of the experience of developed countries, increased the number of diversifiedindustry farms, organized a large number of landowners-farmers, therefore, thanks to this, the economy was strong and stable.A huge economic policy was carried out to increase the number of strong farmers and create rich and powerful farmers, as a result of which the farm economy is strong and production cells are competitive, so that, as an element of the agricultural commodity producer, farms have their historically sound solid foundation, provided that the product is the manufacturer.
But one thing must be admitted, the farm owners have been studying the experience of growing grain and cotton raw materials for years, raised the yield to a higher level, and they have a lot of positive experience in increasing the productivity of the farm.cultivated land, but without reaching the final result, without selling the products, the farm cannot be rich, cannot have a large source of income, it goes without saying that by selling only raw materials, it cannot receive a large amount of income, nor can it receive more income that ensures profitability.

Literature review
The development of the cotton complex in the republic should be based on the economic activity of the subjects of the complex, based on initiative, responsibility and innovative ideas.An innovative moment in the sectors of the cotton complex should be new systems for managing production, product quality, the introduction of new methods of organizing production or new technologies [13].
It is important to improve the economic efficiency of cotton growing, to determine performance indicators and draw appropriate conclusions based on their evaluation [14].
According to the research article by Rodriguez, Gonzalez, and Ramirez (2021) titled "Socioeconomic Implications of Cotton Reform: A Case Study of Country Z" they investigated the socioeconomic implications of cotton reform in a specific country referred to as Country Z.The study likely examined the effects of cotton reform on various socioeconomic factors such as income levels, employment, agricultural practices, trade, and other relevant indicators.The research aimed to provide insights into the consequences of cotton reform in Country Z and shed light on the broader implications for the local economy and society [13].
Agriculture is an important source of meeting the needs of the country's population in food and raw materials in other sectors of the national economy.Increasing the efficiency of production in this sector is one of the urgent problems of the economy.Any economic activity in the economy is carried out through certain forms of management [16].To study the issues of improving the cotton reform, we used various research methods.First, we conducted a literature review to ascertain current issues and advances in cotton farming.Basically, we used more scientific articles and reports.In the next step, we carried out an empirical analysis.We made extensive use of questionnaire, interview, observation, and data analysis methods.In the next step, we used benchmarking to determine the reasons for the success or failure of our study results.To improve the accuracy of our results, we used economic analysis, case studies, modeling, and grouping methods.

Analysis and results
Based on the requirements of the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated October 23, 2019 No. PF-5853 "On approval of the Strategy for the Development of Agriculture of the Republic of Uzbekistan for 2020-2030", the introduction of market principles that ensure free competition in agriculture, the abolition of state orders in the cultivation of cotton and grain for increasing the economic efficiency of production and the interest of commodity producers, continuously increasing productivity and creating new jobs through the widespread attraction of investments in the use of irrigated areas, the main tasks were set as priorities.
In order to fulfill these final tasks, the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan adopted Resolution No. 53 dated January 25, 2018 "On measures to introduce modern forms of organizing cotton textile production."According to this decision, the formation of market relations between farms, other agricultural producers and textile industry enterprises, as well as the introduction of modern forms of organization of cotton and textile production to ensure the production of competitive products with high added value as part of the 2018 Cotton Raw Harvest.cotton textiles on 140.9 thousand hectares of land in the region, as well as the organization of this production on the basis of a direct contract between textile industry enterprises and farms for the cultivation and supply of raw cotton materials.
A number of partial measures have been implemented in the republic to further improve the activities of cotton-textile clusters, increase their role and responsibility in the efficient use of agricultural land, regulate relations between producers and processors in connection with the introduction of market principles.
According to the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated March 6, 2020 "On measures to introduce market principles in the field of cotton production" (farmers, cotton-textile clusters, cooperatives), the right to freely place zoned cotton varieties in areas where cotton-textile clusters are not were created, it was allowed to organize voluntary cooperatives of farms on the basis of cotton ginning enterprises.
These large-scale reforms were a turning point in the agrarian history of the republic and became an event that left an indelible mark on the history of independent "New Uzbekistan".
In connection with the implementation of economic reforms on a large scale, only in the Kashkadarya region there have been huge revolutionary changes, it is worth noting that the Kashkadarya region produces most of the raw cotton grown in the republic, i.e. 13.4 percent (in 2022, 467.5 thousand tons of raw cotton were grown).
In 2021-2022 data on raw cotton grown and sold to the state by regions by districts are given below ( As can be seen from the table, in 2022, the bulk of all raw cotton grown in the region was produced in 6382 independent farms, or all 467.5 thousand tons of raw cotton were purchased by 23 clusters from farmers on the terms of future contracts. According to the results of the analysis, in 2022, 73,978 tons more raw cotton was produced than in 2021 (the years of the initial activity of the cluster structure), and only in the Akhsaroy cluster, 2,088 tons less raw cotton was produced.LLC (established in Shakhrisabz and Yakkabog districts), and the yield per hectare was 34 centners instead of 29 centners in the region, or an average yield of 5 centners per hectare of cotton area was achieved.As can be seen from these data, the experience of organizing a cluster of cotton and textile producers in the region clearly shows its positive results, or the resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated September 19, 2018 No. 744 "On additional measures for the further development of cotton and textile production", as noted, "cotton textile workers have taken measures to introduce advanced agricultural technologies and labor organization methods, ensure the efficient and rational use of water resources, equip them with modern agricultural machinery, and attract highly qualified foreign specialists and agronomists to cotton growing." Of course, for the effective implementation of these reforms, the most optimal way to market cotton products in the future is to coordinate agricultural producers with industrial production and, as a result, the full implementation of the system for generating large amounts of income (benefit).
It should be noted that only in 2021, the enterprises of the cotton and textile cluster of the region will have 3 cotton ginning plants with an annual production capacity of 88.5 thousand tons of raw materials, a spinning factory with a capacity of 49.1 thousand tons, production of 15 million m of fabric, 19.3 million production of finished garments and knitwear and 31.6 thousand tons of oil refineries.
These enterprises created 10.7 thousand new jobs, of which 6.5 thousand are employed in the industrial sector, and the remaining 4.2 thousand are employed in the agricultural sector.In 2021 alone, cotton textile enterprises exported finished products worth $68.0 million.
Factories with a total capacity of 143.4 thousand tons of fiber, 109.1 thousand tons of yarn production, 22.7 thousand tons of textile yarn production, 1.2 thousand tons of fabric dyeing and 10.6 thousand .tons of finished products.
To increase the productivity of irrigated land areas of farms, maintain soil quality within the normative indicators, widely use advanced foreign technologies to achieve high yields of cotton raw materials, therefore, at the same time, high-quality plowing of fields sown with seeds according to the experience of advanced countries with developed agriculture, laser planners.It should be noted that the enterprises of cluster face enormous challenges in carrying out the necessary measures in terms of processing, the widespread use of advanced water-saving technologies, improving irrigation and land reclamation.
Thus, the cotton and textile enterprises of the region acquired 2143 units in a short period of time.new agricultural machinery and units, including 192 units.highperformance leading tractors, 353 units.cotton pickers, 32 laser planners and 1,471 other agricultural equipment were purchased.
In 2021, enterprises of the cotton-textile cluster purchased 2,252 hectares of completely new land plots, improved reclamation conditions and put them into operation, introduced new technologies for water-saving drip irrigation on 3,194 hectares of land, 462 km of irrigation, reclamation facilities were repaired, ditches and watercourses were cleaned.
An analysis of the activities of cotton and textile clusters in the region clearly shows that cluster enterprises are implementing fairly large projects (Table 2 Only in 2021, projects worth 804,675 million soums were implemented by 19 cluster enterprises, of which 261,921 million soums were allocated at the expense of the cluster enterprises' own funds.The fact that "Cluster KhilaI" LLC, a cluster enterprise of the Karshi region, is spending 211 billion soums on the construction of a yarn production plant is clear evidence that very large industrial enterprises are being created in the future. The results achieved today show that in the future all raw cotton grown in the region will be 100% processed at the existing enterprises of the cotton and textile cluster, turned into finished products and sold on the basis of free competition in the domestic and foreign markets.markets, and the end result will allow you to get a big income (profit).At the same time, it is worth noting that the decision of the Cabinet of Ministers No. 733 of December 4, 2021 on ensuring the implementation of Decree No. PF-14 of November 16, 2021 "On measures to regulate the activities of cotton-textile clusters" of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan -the Regulation on the organization of textile clusters , and Article 4 of this Regulation states that "Relations between the cotton-textile cluster and cotton growers are based on an agreement drawn up in accordance with the legislation on the cultivation and supply of raw cotton based on the interests of the parties." According to the regulation, the "Agreement" as the main regulatory document provides for the implementation of the plan for the cultivation and supply of raw cotton between the enterprises of the cotton-textile cluster and farms and is ensured within the framework of the law.the absence of a clear indication of the volume of raw cotton and the purchase price of cotton in the concluded contracts due to inattention, as a result of failure to put signatures and seals of farmers on some contracts, mutual misunderstandings, protests and disputes between the heads of enterprises of the cotton-textile cluster take place in practice.
Clause 2 of the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated January 26, 2023 No. PP-23 "On additional measures to further support the activities of raw cotton producers" until October 1 of each year, futures contracts for the cultivation of raw cotton under harvest of the year, which will certainly put an end to inappropriate disputes and protests.

Conclusions and suggestions
In our opinion, it is necessary to completely improve the mechanism for working with the contract in farms, if the principles of obligations and rights enshrined in the contract are not deeply worked out, then the risk that some cotton-textile clusters will interfere with the fulfillment of their obligations to suppliers of raw materials may remain, which will lead to further disputes, it is inevitable that this will continue.
As a number of clusters fulfill all the requirements of raw cotton suppliers on the terms specified in the contract, the activities of farms improve, cotton farming is carried out at the optimum time, the productivity of sown areas increases due to the well-established supply of water, fuel, fertilizers, protective equipment , a high yield is achieved, as a result of which the financial situation of farmers is changing in a much more positive direction, the number of economically developed farmers is increasing.
However, non-compliance by some clusters with the terms of the contracts is the reason for the legitimate objections of cotton growers, the provision of fertilizers and pesticides, as well as the lack of proper management of technical services, lead to unreasonable delays in agrotechnical work., which in turn leads to a decrease in the yield of raw cotton, as a result of which cotton farms do not fulfill the established plan for the preparation of raw cotton and ultimately end the reporting year with a loss, and are unable to repay loans received by them for growing cotton during the year, as a result, the debt of farmers, tax and penalty payments increase.
It is clear to everyone that irrigated lands are our great national wealth, that we must protect every inch of it -a fact that does not require any explanation and proof for all our citizens, as well as for our farmers, farmers and cluster organizers., but on the other hand , it is necessary to carry out constant practical work so that their score does not decrease (soil fertility in the republic in 1991, on fertile soil, the productivity of all types of crops, in turn, of cotton is high.
The second and more urgent issue pending resolution is that after the owners of farms growing raw cotton signed an agreement with the organizers of the cotton-textile cluster at the beginning of the year, they must carry out all the activities of cotton farming in the "agrotechnical card" in the fall, and by autumn they will completely pick up and procure cotton raw materials and send them to the cluster enterprises, prepare them for delivery.
Due to the fact that the labor skills of farmers and clusters are not fully formed with the concluded contract, their rights are violated, and therefore there are cases when part of the grown cotton crop remains unharvested.One of the main reasons for this is the existence of problems in attracting collectors, the search for a solution to this issue is one of the most important, therefore, in our opinion, it will be effective to solve the mechanism for organizing practical assistance.enterprises of the cotton-textile cluster to farmers growing cotton, if the crop is fully included in the warehouse, then these farmers and enterprises of the cluster will be effective.This brings us a lot of income, and most importantly, the sale of raw cotton and its products, which is our wealth, helps fill the budget, and also leads to an increase in value added tax.
Formation of clusters based on foreign experience, activities of enterprises of the cotton-textile cluster, proper establishment of relations with producers of raw cotton, implementation of contractual relations between clusters and farms, targeted use of their bolls in the process of cotton growing, agricultural technology, on cotton raw materials.materials purchased by the cluster There are different approaches to mutual settlements.
In some countries, raw cotton producers -farmers supply only raw cotton, and cotton textile enterprises are engaged in the processing and sale of raw cotton into finished products.The financial provision of fuel, fertilizers and other materials necessary in the process of cotton farming directly to farms is also widely developed.
Another important issue is that there are some drawbacks in that the work is carried out only in the order of clustering (monopolization), so the creation of cooperatives and the organization of farmers' work with them will contribute to the emergence of free competition.Although the President emphasized this, there are still cases of ignoring this direction.
Such problems certainly require additional research in this area, in which, in addition to theoretical approaches, practical experience will be carefully analyzed, and if we determine which option will give positive results and draw comprehensively justified conclusions, then we have doubts that that the activities of the organizers of the cotton-textile cluster in our republic will give more effective results.

Table 1 .
Information about cotton raw materials produced in Kashkadarya region in 2021-2022.

Table 2 .
). Information about the investment projects implemented in 2021 in cotton-textile clusters of Kashkadarya region.Mln.soums.