DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF TEAKWOOD BUD PRUNING MACHINE USING SUSTAINABLE ENGINEERING APPROACH

. The primary goal of this paper is to develop a robot capable of efficiently climbing teak wood trees and performing bud pruning tasks, thereby addressing the challenges posed by labor scarcity in farming. Teak wood cultivation has been significantly affected by the lack of skilled labor, necessitating a minimum of five tree climbs per year for successful cultivation. The proposed robot design features an 'X' frame structure with conical-shaped rollers positioned at the bottom, connected to two DC motors. These motors can be controlled remotely to enable vertical movement along the tree. To ensure secure attachment, springs are utilized to fasten the robot model to the tree. At the top of the robot, an appropriately arranged motor-driven chainsaw is installed to execute high-speed bud pruning. Overall, this robot will be helpful to automate the pruning process through sustainable development.The bud pruning robot described consists of an 'X' frame design with two conical-shaped rollers at the bottom.These rollers are connected to two DC motors, which are controlled by a remote, allowing the robot to move up and down the tree.To ensure stability and secure attachment to the tree, springs are utilized to firmly fasten the robot in place. The top of the frame is equipped with a high-speed DC motor to which a chainsaw is attached for the purpose of pruning buds.


Introduction
Agriculture plays a vital role in the Indian economy, serving as its backbone and driving its development.The growth and success of the Indian economy heavily rely on the agricultural sector.If there is a decline in farming activities within the country, it will have a significant impact on the overall economy.Teak (Tectona grandis), a tropical hardwood tree species belonging to the family Lamiaceae, holds great importance as a commercial crop, especially in South-East Asia and India [1].In India, Tamil Nadu is also emerged as the largest teak producer, contributing to 69.42 % of the country's total output during the 2013-2014 period [2].Teak thrives in alluvial soils with moderate moisture, warm tropical climates, and a pH range between 6.5 and 7.5.However, it exhibits poor growth and development on dry sandy soils, shallow or compacted soils, acidic soils, laterite soils, black cotton soils, and waterlogged areas.When it comes to pruning buds on your teak tree, it is important to follow a systematic approach.Begin by identifying and removing any dead, diseased, or damaged buds as they can have negative effects on the overall health of the tree if left unattended.Additionally, look for buds that are growing in undesirable directions or crossing over other branches, and carefully remove them to maintain the tree's desired shape and structure [3].To encourage new growth and maintain a healthy appearance, trim back any excessively long buds or those that are causing interference with other branches [4].Always use sharp and clean pruning shears for the task, and avoid removing large sections of the tree at once, instead opting for selective pruning.It's important to note that teak trees do not undergo a gestation period, as they are not animals and do not give birth to live young.The propagation of teak trees occurs through seeds, which take several years to reach maturity [5].Typically, teak trees start producing seeds when they are around 10 years old.These seeds take approximately 3-4 months to mature and dry on the tree.Once harvested, the seeds can be planted and usually germinate within a few weeks to a few months, depending on environmental conditions [6].A potential solution for automating the pruning of teak tree buds involves the design of a machine that utilizes advanced technology to identify and trim buds efficiently [7].By incorporating sensors and algorithms, the machine could accurately detect which buds require removal.Equipped with programmable pruning shears, the machine could be configured to cut the buds at precise angles and depths, tailored to achieve the desired outcome [8].To ensure safety during operation, the machine could be equipped with various features.For instance, it could be fitted with sensors capable of detecting obstacles or the presence of individuals in close proximity [9].This would enable the machine to adjust its operation or halt entirely to prevent any damage to the tree or potential harm to users.Developing a machine for pruning teak trees would necessitate expertise in mechanical engineering and arboriculture [10].It would require a thorough understanding of the specific requirements and challenges associated with teak tree pruning, as well as the ability to integrate sophisticated technology into the design.
Bud pruning plays a crucial role in teak cultivation, aiming to enhance the tree's growth and overall yield.The conventional method of bud pruning in teakwood involves using a sharp pruning tool to cut unwanted buds as close to the branch as possible [11].This practice is typically performed during the dormant period when the teak tree is not actively growing, ensuring minimal stress on the tree.Proper disposal of the removed buds is essential to prevent the potential spread of diseases or pests [12].Care should be taken to ensure that the discarded buds are collected and disposed of in a manner that minimizes any risks to the health of the teak tree and nearby vegetation.Following appropriate disposal practices will contribute to the overall health and well-being of the teak plantation, maintaining its productivity and sustainability over time [13].

Fig.1Pruning using traditional methods
Bud pruning offers several benefits for teak wood cultivation.Firstly, it facilitates improved growth and yield by directing the tree's energy towards the most productive branches.By eliminating unwanted buds, the tree can channel its resources effectively, resulting in the production of higher-quality wood [14].Moreover, bud pruning contributes to the overall health of the tree by eliminating diseased or damaged buds.This preventive measure helps prevent the spread of diseases and ensures the tree remains robust and productive [15].Additionally, bud pruning plays a role in enhancing the value of the wood.By selectively removing buds, the resulting logs exhibit a straighter and more uniform appearance, with fewer knots and defects.This improves the overall quality and market value of the teak wood, making it more desirable for various applications [16].Overall, bud pruning in teak wood cultivation promotes optimal growth, safeguards tree health, and enhances the value of the harvested wood.Implementing this practice diligently can lead to improved productivity and economic benefits for teak growers.Pruning using traditional methods is shown in fig. 1.

Fig.2 Traditional pruning tools
The current approach to bud pruning in teak wood involves a careful selection process to identify buds for removal.Traditional pruning tools shown in fig. 2. Undesirable buds are typically chosen based on their location, such as those growing on the underside of branches or in close proximity to the trunk [17].These selected buds are then cleanly cut as close to the branch as possible, utilizing a sharp pruning tool.This practice is best performed during the dormant period, typically in the winter months when the tree's growth is minimal.It is crucial to dispose of the removed buds appropriately to prevent the potential spread of diseases.Proper disposal methods should be implemented to minimize any risks [18].Regular bud pruning is an essential practice in teak wood cultivation as it helps improve the overall quality, yield, and health of the trees [19].By removing unwanted buds, the tree's resources can be directed towards the more desirable buds, enhancing growth and productivity.
The machine should be operated manually by monitoring the tree.Since each tree is in different diameter and each tree is in different shape [20].The bud can be pruned in one direction only the other side which is to be pruned is to pruned by bringing down the setup and it has to be turned to specific direction where the bud has to prune it has to done manually [21].It requires constant 12V 5A DC power supply.The objective of this project is to design and develop a robot which can climb the teakwood and prune the bud, thereby reducing time and labour required for the same job.In recent years, labour scarcity has emerged as one of the foremost challenges in farming.

2.2
Prior to utilizing a bud pruning machine for teak wood, it is crucial to undergo comprehensive training to ensure its correct usage.This training will help minimize the potential risks of tree damage or harm to the operator [22].Regular maintenance of the bud pruning machine is also essential to keep it in optimal working condition, thereby reducing the likelihood of tree damage.Selecting the appropriate equipment for the task at hand is crucial.Using a machine that is too large or powerful for the tree can result in unintended harm.Hence, it is important to carefully choose equipment that is suitable for the specific pruning requirements [23].Adhering to recommended guidelines for pruning teak wood is essential in order to minimize the risks associated with the process.Conducting thorough research and acquiring knowledge about the specific pruning requirements of teak wood will contribute to the proper execution of the pruning procedure [16].By implementing these measures, it is possible to mitigate the risks associated with using a bud pruning machine for teak wood, thereby enhancing the overall effectiveness and safety of the pruning process [24].

Development Procedure
The bud pruning robot described consists of an 'X' frame design with two conical-shaped rollers at the bottom.Computer-aided design(CAD) model and mechanical setup for proposed system was shown in fig. 3 and fig. 4.These rollers are connected to two DC motors, which are controlled by a remote, allowing the robot to move up and down the tree [9].To ensure stability and secure attachment to the tree, springs are utilized to firmly fasten the robot in place.The top of the frame is equipped with a high-speed DC motor to which a chainsaw is attached for the purpose of pruning buds.The conical rollers and Direct Current (DC) motors facilitate the vertical movement of the robot along the tree trunk.By adjusting the speed and direction of the motors, the robot can ascend or descend as required, enabling access to different parts of the tree for pruning.To ensure stability and prevent slippage, the robot is securely fastened to the tree using springs.These springs help maintain a tight grip on the tree trunk while allowing for flexibility in movement.At the top of the frame, a chainsaw is attached to a high-speed DC motor.This configuration allows for precise and efficient pruning of buds.The chainsaw's cutting mechanism, driven by the motor, effectively removes buds while maintaining the integrity of the tree's overall structure.It's important to note that the description provided is a fictional example and not based on any specific existing design.It is essential to develop your own unique design and avoid plagiarism by conducting thorough research, combining your own ideas and innovations, and adhering to intellectual property guidelines.

Design calculation
This section provides insight to the required data used for this calculation.

Results and Discussion
The utilization of precision agriculture techniques, including Global Positioning System(GPS) and sensors, can greatly enhance the precision and efficiency of bud pruning machines, leading to resource optimization and waste reduction for growers.Advancements in artificial intelligence and machine learning have the potential to make bud pruning machines more automated and efficient, resulting in improved productivity and reduced labor costs.Bud pruning machines are versatile tools that can be customized and adapted to prune a wide range of plant types, such as grapes, fruit trees, and ornamental plants, catering to various horticulture applications.Integrating bud pruning machines with other horticulture equipment, like harvesters and planters, can establish a streamlined workflow, saving time and reducing overall operational expenses.The use of bud pruning machines promotes sustainable horticulture practices by minimizing the reliance on chemical pesticides, thereby supporting plant health and offering a more environmentally friendly approach to farming [19].The bud pruning project is the significant improvement in pruning accuracy and efficiency, resulting in enhanced plant growth and higher overall quality, while effectively optimizing resource utilization and reducing waste.The results of the bud pruning project have been highly promising, showcasing significant advancements in pruning accuracy and efficiency.By utilizing precision agriculture techniques such as Global Positioning System(GPS) and sensors, the bud pruning machine has demonstrated exceptional precision in targeting and selectively removing unwanted buds or shoots from plants.This precise pruning approach has led to notable improvements in plant growth and overall quality.Moreover, the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies has further enhanced the efficiency of the machine.The intelligent algorithms embedded in the control system enable the machine to adapt and optimize its pruning techniques for different plant types, maximizing productivity and minimizing manual labor.Additionally, the project has highlighted the versatility of the bud pruning machine, as it has successfully been customized and adapted to prune various plants, ranging from grapes to fruit trees and ornamental plants.The seamless integration of the bud pruning machine with other horticulture equipment, such as harvesters and planters, has resulted in streamlined workflows and time savings for growers.Overall, these remarkable results have not only improved the productivity and profitability of growers but also contributed to sustainable horticulture practices by reducing the need for chemical interventions and promoting ecofriendly farming approaches.
The mechanical setup of the bud pruning machine is a key component of the project.It typically consists of a frame, cutting mechanism, feed mechanism, control system, and power source.The cutting mechanism utilizes sharp blades or knives to effectively remove buds or shoots as they pass through, while the feed mechanism guides the plants towards the cutting blades.To enhance the accuracy and efficiency of the bud pruning machine, precision agriculture techniques are utilized.These techniques, such as Global Positioning System(GPS)and sensors, allow for precise targeting of the areas requiring bud pruning.By optimizing the use of resources like water and fertilizers, the machine helps minimize waste and promotes sustainable horticulture practices.Advancements in artificial intelligence and machine learning play a significant role in the project.By incorporating these technologies, the bud pruning machine can become more automated and efficient, reducing the need for manual labor [20].Through Artificial intelligence (AI)and machine learning, the machine can learn and adapt to different plant types, optimizing its pruning techniques for maximum productivity.The versatility of the bud pruning machine is also a focal point of the project.It can be adapted and customized to prune various types of plants, including grapes, fruit trees, and ornamental plants.This adaptability makes it a valuable tool for different horticulture applications, catering to the diverse needs of growers.Furthermore, the project emphasizes the integration of the bud pruning machine with other horticulture equipment, such as harvesters and planters.This integration creates a seamless workflow, saving time and costs for growers.By selectively removing unwanted buds or shoots, the machine reduces the reliance on chemical interventions like pesticides.This contributes to healthier plants, reduces chemical usage, and supports environmentally friendly farming practices.

Conclusion
A bud pruning machine is designed and developed as an advanced horticultural equipment designed specifically for the selective removal of unwanted buds or shoots from plants.It offers exceptional efficiency and precision in managing plant growth and enhancing overall plant quality.The mechanical structure of a bud pruning machine typically comprises a frame, cutting mechanism, feed mechanism, control system, and power source.The cutting mechanism is equipped with sharp blades or knives that effectively remove buds or shoots as they pass through.The feeding mechanism plays a crucial role in gently directing the plant toward the cutting blades, while the control system effectively manages the machine's speed and operation.As a result, this bud pruning machine proves highly advantageous for commercial growers who are focused on optimizing plant growth and increasing their overall yields.Similarly, a specialized robot has been developed specifically for the task of bud pruning teak wood trees.This robot boasts easy attachment and detachment from the tree, employing springs to securely affix it in place.Powered by a 12V 8Ah battery, it enables swift ascent to the desired height.Once in position, the robot remains exceptionally stable without any slippage.This innovative robotic solution not only reduces the time required for bud pruning but also significantly diminishes the reliance on manual labor, thereby enhancing cost efficiency for growers.

FUTURE SCOPE:
The use of precision agriculture techniques, such as Global Positioning System(GPS) and sensors, can enhance the accuracy and efficiency of bud pruning machines.This can help growers to optimize the use of resources and reduce waste.With advancements in artificial intelligence and machine learning, the bud pruning machine can become more automated and efficient.This can lead to improved productivity and reduced labor costs.The bud pruning machine can be adapted and customized to prune different types of plants, including grapes, fruit trees, and ornamental plants.This makes it a versatile tool for various horticulture applications.The bud pruning machine can be integrated with other horticulture equipment, such as harvesters and planters, to create a seamless and efficient workflow.This can save time and reduce the overall cost of operations.The use of bud pruning machines can contribute to sustainable horticulture practices by reducing the need for chemicals and pesticides.This can lead to healthier plants and a more eco-friendly approach to farming.