Maximizing towards the Sustainability: Integrating Materials, Energy, and Resource Efficiency in revolutionizing Manufacturing Industry

- The use of a sustainable future has led to the recognition of the crucial role played by the combination of materials, energy, and resource efficiency. The integration in question exemplifies the fundamental concepts of circularity, the optimisation of resources, and the responsible management of the environment. The focal point lies in the conscientious acquisition and administration of materials, as well as the prudent utilisation of energy resources and the reduction of waste. This abstract explores the importance of incorporating materials, energy, and resource efficiency in order to achieve sustainability. It emphasises concrete, practical applications that exemplify the feasibility and transformative capacity of this integrated approach. There are many practical applications of the utilisation of reclaimed wood for the production of sustainable furniture, the incorporation of recycled steel in the construction of building structures, and the integration of eco-friendly composites in the manufacturing processes of the automotive industry. The electronics sector is currently integrating circular economy principles into its operations by adopting strategies that prioritise the ease of disassembly, repair, and recycling of items. Apple and similar corporations have implemented recycling initiatives aimed at refurbishing and repurposing outdated equipment, thereby prolonging their lifespan and reducing the generation of electronic waste. By examining these actual applications and others, it becomes evident that the incorporation of materials, energy, and resource efficiency not only corresponds with sustainability objectives but also yields concrete environmental, economic, and societal advantages.


Introduction
In the current scenario, sustainability emerges as a pressing necessity, demanding proactive engagement that permeates all aspects of human existence [1].This urge extends from the worldwide scale down to the individual level, encompassing both macroeconomic considerations and extremely intimate spheres of life.The statement serves as a unifying call to action that surpasses political and cultural divisions, serving as a reminder of our collective duty to protect the Earth and ensure a prosperous and harmonious future for everyone [2].The concept of sustainability can be defined as the capacity to meet the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to Fundamentally, sustainability encompasses the ability to maintain, endure, and prosper over an extended period.The concept in question is a comprehensive one that encompasses the principles of environmental stewardship, economic viability, and social equality.Sustainability can be understood as a continuous process rather than a fixed endpoint, wherein individuals and societies strive to maintain a harmonious equilibrium between present demands and the preservation of future generations' welfare [3].Sustainability primarily focuses on addressing the urgent environmental concerns of our day.Climate change, biodiversity loss, pollution, and resource depletion represent a set of pressing concerns that necessitate our prompt and focused consideration [4].. The current imperative necessitates a shift from a linear, consumption-oriented paradigm to a circular and regenerative framework [5].The concept of economic prudence refers to the practise of making wise and cautious decisions in managing financial resources.It involves exercising careful judgement conjunction with environmental factors, the concept of sustainability acknowledges the interdependent connection between a wellpreserved earth and a prosperous economy.Sustainable practises contribute to the enhancement of economic resilience through the reducegation of waste, augmentation of resource efficiency, and facilitation of innovation.Sustainability represents a potential avenue for growth, as opposed to being an economic burden, by fostering job creation, encouraging investment in clean technologies, and facilitating the emergence of novel markets [6].The concept of social equity and inclusivity refers to the principles and practises aimed at ensuring fairness, justice, and equal opportunities for all individuals within a society, regardless of their social, economic, or cultural backgrounds.Equally crucial, sustainability involves the principles of social equality and inclusivity.The principle emphasises the importance of ensuring equal and just access to resources and opportunities for every individual in society, regardless of their background or circumstances [7].The imperative of sustainability poses challenges to inequities in income, health, and education, with the aim of creating a world in which no one is marginalised or excluded.The concept of sustainability encompasses all levels of operation, ranging from the global to the local, acknowledging that activities undertaken at any scale can produce farreaching consequences.The international community is brought together through efforts like the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which offer a collective framework for tackling the most urgent global issues.Concurrently, the implementation of local initiatives, propelled by community involvement, enterprises, and governmental entities, assumes a crucial role in developing a sustainable global environment [8]. 3 Fig. 1 Types of sustainable materials The concept of individual responsibility refers to the ethical and moral obligation that individuals have to be accountable for their actions and decisions.It emphasises In addition to formal policies and agreements, the concept of sustainability necessitates individuals to actively make deliberate decisions in their everyday routines [9].This encourages individuals to adopt waste reduction strategies, conserve energy, endorse sustainable products and businesses, and actively participate in environmentally and socially responsible behaviours.Every individual decision plays a crucial role in the collective work of safeguarding our planet for future generations.The issue of sustainability cannot be effectively addressed by any single nation, organisation, or society in isolation [10].The work in question is characterised by collaboration, requiring the establishment of partnerships, open conversation, and a common commitment among participants.The promotion of sustainability necessitates the active involvement of several stakeholders, including governments, corporations, civil society, and academia.The responsibility to prioritise sustainability is a moral and practical duty that surpasses limitations and ideological differences.This statement serves as an urgent appeal to foster a global mindset that prioritises the preservation of environmental health, the overall welfare of all individuals, and the sustained prosperity of future generations.The work necessitates bravery, originality, and collaborative work, and it presents the potential for a future characterised by enhanced resilience, fairness, and prosperity.In the context of striving for sustainability, it has become progressively apparent that individual works and fragmented remedies are inadequate in tackling the intricate and interrelated predicaments that confront us.The integration approach, which is a fundamental aspect of contemporary sustainability programmes, presents a complete and all-encompassing strategy for addressing these difficulties.This approach combines the management of materials, energy, and resource efficiency within a cohesive framework [11].The integration method acknowledges the interconnectedness of materials, energy, and resource efficiency, emphasising that addressing these aspects separately may result in unforeseen outcomes.For example, if one were to concentrate exclusively on enhancing energy efficiency in the manufacturing sector without taking into account the choice of materials, it could lead to the replacement of one resource-intensive material with another, so nullifying any overall benefits [12].Hence, this methodology adopts a comprehensive standpoint, perceiving sustainability as a network of interconnected elements rather than discrete variables.The core tenet of the integration strategy is rooted in the notion of the circular economy [13].In the context of a linear economy, products undergo a cycle of creation, utilisation, and disposal, resulting in the depletion of resources and the accumulation of trash.On the other hand, the circular economy advocates for the establishment of a regenerative framework in which items are intentionally built to possess qualities such as durability, ease of repair, and the ability to be recycled.The perpetual cycling of materials and products is facilitated by the implementation of reuse, remanufacturing, and recycling methods.The circularity is in complete accordance with the integration method, which places significant emphasis on the conscientious management of materials and resources [14].The concept of synergies and co-benefits refers to the positive outcomes that can be achieved when multiple factors or actions work together in a mutually beneficial manner.The emergence of synergies and co-benefits that enhance sustainability is facilitated through the integration of materials, energy, and resource efficiency.As an illustration, the optimisation of resource use frequently results in diminished energy expenditure.The implementation of lighter materials in transportation has been observed to result in a reduction in fuel consumption [15].Similarly, the design of energy-efficient structures frequently includes the utilisation of sustainable materials.The garbage reduction tactics are implemented to effectively decrease the quantity of garbage requiring management, hence resulting in reduced expenses associated with waste disposal.Moreover, several waste-to-energy technologies have the capability to transform discarded materials into valuable energy resources.The advancements in materials science contribute to the emergence of environmentally friendly materials that possess diminished environmental consequences, hence advancing the objectives of sustainability.The practical applications of a concept or theory refer to its real-world uses and implementations.These applications are grounded in practicality and the integration strategy is seen in numerous practical applications across diverse sectors [16].The concept of green building design involves the integration of energy-efficient architectural practises alongside the utilisation of environmentally sustainable materials.This approach aims to create structures that effectively minimise resource consumption and reduce negative environmental effects.The concept of smart manufacturing involves the use of resource-efficient procedures and the utilisation of sustainable materials in order to minimise waste, reduce energy consumption, and improve the overall quality of products within various industries.The integration of renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, into the energy mix offers a viable solution to reduce dependency on fossil fuels and reduce carbon emissions [17].Waste-to-Energy Technologies: Novel waste-toenergy technologies facilitate the conversion of waste materials into valuable energy resources, thereby establishing a harmonious relationship between waste management and energy creation.The concept of sustainable mobility encompasses transportation solutions that incorporate energy-efficient cars, lightweight materials, and alternative fuels as means to reduce emissions and minimise resource utilisation The integration method is not solely a theoretical concept, but rather a pragmatic and implementable strategy that enables individuals, corporations, and governments to effectively tackle sustainability concerns.The concept encapsulates the interdependence of materials, energy, and resource efficiency, leveraging their collective capacity to foster a sustainable and resilient future for future generations [18].

Materials Integration for Sustainability
The deliberate incorporation of materials into a strategy framework not only serves to reduce environmental consequences but also contributes to the optimisation of resource use.The implementation of efficient material utilisation strategies serves to reduce waste generation in both the production and building processes.Additionally, it enhances the longevity of items and structures, hence diminishing the need for frequent replacements and repairs [19].The utilisation of this technique, which focuses on optimising resource usage, effectively contributes to the preservation of raw materials, the reducegation of energy consumption, and the alleviation of the overall strain on ecosystems.The integration of materials is intricately connected to the continuous advancements in the field of materials research.Scientists and engineers are consistently engaged in the ongoing development of novel materials that possess enhanced sustainability attributes.
Illustrative instances encompass cutting-edge composites fabricated from repurposed plastics, bio-derived materials sourced from agricultural byproducts, and self-repairing substances that enhance the durability of goods.These developments not only improve the environmental characteristics of materials but also create opportunities for new uses in other industries [20]- [23].The implementation of materials integration is a practical approach that is utilised across multiple industries.The concept of green building encompasses the integration of environmentally friendly materials, designs that optimise energy efficiency, and tactics aimed at reducing waste [24].The construction of buildings prioritises sustainability, encompassing several aspects such as the careful selection of sustainable materials, the incorporation of energy-efficient insulation, and the implementation of lighting systems that minimise energy use.In the manufacturing sector, various industries have embraced the utilisation of sustainable materials and the implementation of resourceefficient procedures as a means to reduce waste generation and minimise their overall environmental footprint.In the fields of automotive and aerospace manufacturing, there is a preference for the utilisation of lightweight and durable materials in order to enhance fuel efficiency.The field of product design encompasses the development of sustainable products that include materials capable of being recycled or repurposed upon reaching the conclusion of their life cycle.Consumer electronics, such as those seen in the market, are being developed with a growing emphasis on disassembly and recycling [25].
Sustainable infrastructure projects prioritise the assessment of environmental consequences associated with construction materials, with the objective of achieving long-term durability and optimal utilisation of resources.The integration of materials is not solely a pragmatic strategy, but also a moral and ecological imperative.This highlights the interdependence between materials and sustainability, providing a basis for constructing a more resilient and environmentally conscious society.By adopting responsible materials selection and incorporating circular design concepts, we are laying the foundation for a future in which resource consumption is minimised, waste creation is diminished, and the preservation of the planet's ecosystems is ensured for future generations [26].In recent years, there has been a notable trend towards sustainability within the construction industry, which is characterised by its significant resource consumption and environmental impact.The integration of sustainable materials is of utmost importance in facilitating this paradigm shift, exerting a significant impact on the architectural, structural, and operational aspects of buildings and infrastructure.The use of sustainable materials in building signifies a dedication to reduce the ecological impact of the constructed environment while simultaneously improving its longevity and functionality [27].Sustainable construction materials frequently incorporate recycled components, thereby diverting trash from landfills and diminishing reliance on primary resources.Recycled concrete aggregates and salvaged timber sourced from dismantled structures are effectively repurposed within construction works [28].These materials possess the ability to both conserve resources and reduce the carbon emissions typically associated with conventional manufacturing methods.Renewable resources are derived from rapidly replenishing natural sources, hence making a significant contribution to the overall sustainability of various industries and sectors.Bamboo, for example, exhibits rapid growth rates and is employed as a viable and environmentally friendly substitute for hardwood materials.The utilisation of natural fibres such as jute and hemp has the potential to serve as a substitute for synthetic materials in many construction applications, thereby reduce the adverse environmental consequences associated with the latter [29].Sustainable Harvesting of Wood: Timber continues to serve as a primary construction resource, with the adoption of sustainable forestry practises ensuring responsible wood harvesting [30].Certifications, such as the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) label, provide assurance that wood products originate from forests that are effectively managed, thereby reducing the extent of deforestation and the associated habitat degradation.The field of materials science has witnessed significant advancements that have resulted in the creation of low-carbon concrete [31].The implementation of these formulations results in a decrease in the carbon emissions linked to conventional concrete manufacturing through the utilisation of alternative cementitious materials, such as fly ash and slag, as well as the optimisation of mix designs.Energy efficiency is a key focus in sustainable construction, particularly in relation to advanced insulation materials.Cutting-edge insulation materials, such as aerogels and vacuum-insulated panels, exhibit enhanced thermal properties, hence reducegating the energy demands for heating and cooling purposes in architectural structures.The development of materials that possess the ability to be conveniently recycled or repaired is now being pursued by researchers.One example of a material with self-healing properties is self-healing concrete, which incorporates bacteria capable of producing calcite [32].This process facilitates the closure of fissures in the concrete, so extending its durability.This approach reduces the requirements for maintenance and repair.

Fig.2 Advancements in photovoltaic technology
The advancements in photovoltaic technology have resulted in the creation of transparent solar panels, which can be seamlessly incorporated into the architecture of buildings, such as facades and windows.These panels have the ability to harness solar energy and convert it into electricity, all while permitting the passage of natural light into indoor spaces.This innovative solution enables the generation of renewable energy while maintaining the aesthetic and functional aspects of the structure Sustainable materials utilised in building are not merely theoretical principles, but rather are actively implemented in practical projects within the real-world context [33].The incorporation of sustainable materials in building exemplifies a dedication to reduce environmental harm, preserving resources, and advancing energy efficiency within the constructed surroundings.These materials not only improve the performance and durability of structures but also make a significant contribution towards achieving a more sustainable and resilient future [34]- [38].

Energy Efficiency and Resource Optimization
Energy-efficient technology play a crucial role in our joint works to address climate change, decrease energy usage, and foster sustainable behaviours.These technologies comprise a diverse array of innovations and techniques that seek to optimise energy utilisation while simultaneously preserving or improving performance in multiple sectors, such as residential, commercial, industrial, and transportation.In this discourse, we explore the importance, fundamental tenets, and practical implementations of energy-efficient technologies.The reduction of greenhouse gas emissions is significantly influenced by energy efficiency, making it a crucial factor in reduce climate change.By employing reduced energy consumption in order to achieve equivalent objectives, we effectively diminish the carbon emissions linked to energy generation, so contributing to the reduce of climate change [39].The practise of resource conservation is exemplified by energy efficiency, which serves to reduce the depletion of scarce resources, such as fossil fuels and minerals utilised in the production of energy.The practises contribute to the preservation of natural resources, reduce of environmental harm associated with extraction activities, and promotion of long-term resource sustainability.Energy-efficient solutions lead to cost savings for both consumers and enterprises by reducing energy bills and operational expenses.The financial savings contribute to the enhancement of economic resilience and competitiveness.Energy security is bolstered through the promotion of energy efficiency, as it serves to diminish reliance on foreign energy imports and foster greater energy self-sufficiency at both national and regional levels.The prioritisation of minimising energy waste is a key objective of energy-efficiency technologies, which are achieved by the implementation of practises such as insulation, air sealing, and the use of efficient equipment.These procedures are implemented to ensure the efficient utilisation of energy, minimising its dissipation as heat or other types of wastage.The field of energy management and automation encompasses the utilisation of intelligent technologies such as programmable thermostats, lighting controls, and industrial automation systems.These technologies aim to enhance energy efficiency by dynamically changing energy consumption based on real-time conditions and demand [40].Energy-efficient appliances, lighting, and machinery have been specifically engineered to minimise energy consumption while maintaining or even surpassing their performance capabilities.This includes technological advancements such as LED lighting, appliances with ENERGY STAR ratings, and HVAC systems with great efficiency.The incorporation of renewable energy is closely linked to energy efficiency.By integrating energyefficient strategies with the utilisation of clean energy sources, such as solar panels and wind turbines, the overall sustainability and capacity for carbon reduction within a system can be optimised.The utilisation of LED lighting in residential, commercial, and outdoor lighting applications has significantly transformed the landscape of energy-efficient illumination.Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) provide a notable advantage over conventional incandescent bulbs in terms of electrical consumption, since they use considerably less energy.Additionally, LEDs possess an extended operational lifespan.The implementation of energy-efficient building design, including strategies such as effective insulation, the use of energy-efficient windows, and the incorporation of passive solar design, leads to the development of buildings that necessitate reduced energy input for heating, cooling, and lighting purposes, thus resulting in diminished energy consumption [41].The enhancement of productivity and reduction of energy expenditures in industries are achieved through the implementation of energy-efficient processes and equipment.Variable frequency drives (VFDs) are utilised in manufacturing to enhance the energy efficiency of motors [42].The field of transportation encompasses several energyefficient technologies, including electric and hybrid cars, aerodynamic designs, and lightweight materials.These technologies play a significant role in reducing fuel consumption and emissions.Smart grids are sophisticated grid systems that facilitate the effective distribution of energy, reduce transmission losses, and facilitate the seamless integration of renewable energy sources.Demand-response programmes enable users to modify their energy consumption patterns during periods of high demand.The adoption of energy-efficient technology plays a crucial role in the shift towards a sustainable and resilient energy system [43].This transition is facilitated by factors such as innovation, regulatory incentives, and consumer demand.They enable individuals, corporations, and governments to enhance their capacity to reduce carbon emissions, achieve cost savings, and foster the development of a more sustainable future.The significance of these technologies in terms of global energy conservation and environmental preservation cannot be emphasised, as we persist in embracing and expanding their acceptance.The optimisation of resources is a crucial component of sustainability, with a primary emphasis on maximising resource efficiency and minimising both waste and environmental consequences.A growing number of industries are acknowledging the advantages of resource optimisation in terms of cost reduction, enhancement of sustainability credentials, and promotion of long-term environmental stewardship [44].
Precision farming, alternatively referred to as precision agriculture or smart farming, is an innovative methodology in the field of agriculture that utilises cutting-edge technologies to enhance the efficiency of resource allocation and crop supervision.The use of this revolutionary technique presents a multitude of advantages for both agricultural practitioners and the surrounding ecosystem.Precision farming utilises data-driven technologies, like GPS, sensors, and remote sensing, to actively monitor real-time soil conditions, weather patterns, and crop health, thereby facilitating efficient resource allocation.This technology empowers farmers to effectively distribute resources, such as water, fertilisers, and pesticides, in a targeted manner, optimising their allocation and minimising instances of wastage and excessive usage.Precision farming is a method that optimises crop yields by the meticulous monitoring and management of crop conditions.Farmers possess the ability to discern specific regions within their fields that necessitate focused attention, so enabling them to implement targeted interventions aimed at resolving concerns such as nutrient deficits or pest infestations [45].Water conservation is achieved by the implementation of resource-efficient irrigation practises, such as drip irrigation and soil moisture monitoring, which effectively decrease water usage in the agricultural sector.This aspect holds significant importance, especially in areas that are confronted with limited water resources and experiencing drought circumstances.The implementation of precision agriculture techniques effectively reduces the utilisation of chemical inputs by employing them judiciously based on necessity.These strategies involve the advancement of fuel-efficient vehicles, the use of lightweight materials, and the implementation of route optimisation algorithms.Electric and hybrid vehicles have been shown to effectively reduce fuel usage and pollutants.The waste management sector is undergoing a transition towards the principles of resource recovery and recycling.Waste-to-energy systems facilitate the transformation of waste materials into valuable resources, such as electricity or heat [46].

Waste-to-Energy Technologies
Waste-to-energy (WtE) technologies are an essential element of sustainable waste management solutions.These technologies have a dual advantage as they effectively decrease the quantity of waste disposed in landfills while concurrently producing significant energy resources.Waste-to-energy (WtE) technologies play a significant role in resource recovery, greenhouse gas emission reduction, and the diversification of energy sources by turning waste materials into power, heat, or biofuels.In this study, we examine the importance, fundamental concepts, and practical implementations of waste-to-energy systems.The critical objective of Waste-to-Energy (WtE) technologies are crucial in diverting garbage away from landfills.Landfills are significant contributors to methane emissions and pose possible environmental risks.garbage-to-Energy (WtE) practises effectively address the environmental dangers connected with landfills by minimising the volume of garbage deposited in these sites.The facilities that employ Waste-to-Energy (WtE) technology play a significant role in the generation of both power and heat, thereby offering a sustainable energy solution for local communities.The utilisation of this energy source has the potential to reduce the reliance on fossil fuels, hence resulting in a reduction in carbon emissions and the advancement of sustainable energy alternatives [47].The process of garbage-to-Energy (WtE) entails the recovery of valuable materials from garbage, including metals and biological matter.
The materials have the potential to undergo recycling or reutilization processes, thereby contributing to the preservation of natural resources.The concept of waste management synergy involves the integration of waste-to-energy (WtE) technologies with recycling initiatives.This integration aims to enhance the overall effectiveness of waste management systems by addressing the processing of non-recyclable or contaminated materials that would otherwise be disposed of in landfills.The collaboration between different components enhances the overall efficiency of waste management.
Combustion is a prevalent waste-to-energy (WtE) technique that entails the deliberate incineration of waste items within specifically engineered incinerators.The thermal energy produced during the process of combustion is harnessed to generate steam, which in turn powers turbines for the purpose of electricity generation.
Anaerobic digestion is a process through which organic waste, including food scraps and agricultural leftovers, can be subjected to decomposition in the absence of oxygen.In anaerobic conditions, microorganisms facilitate the decomposition of organic substances, resulting in the production of biogas, which comprises methane and carbon dioxide.This biogas can be harnessed as a valuable energy source for the manufacture of heat or power.Thermal conversion encompasses many technologies, such as pyrolysis and gasification, which employ elevated temperatures in an oxygendeprived environment to transform waste materials into syngas, a composite of carbon monoxide and hydrogen.The syngas has the potential to be utilised for the generation of power or the manufacturing of biofuels.Landfill Gas Recovery: Methane gas production persists even after waste is deposited in landfills due to the ongoing decomposition of organic substances.Landfill gas recovery systems are implemented to catch and utilise methane gas for the purpose of electricity generation.Many nations own waste incineration plants that transform municipal solid waste into electrical energy and thermal energy.Contemporary incineration facilities integrate advanced pollution control mechanisms in order to reduce the release of harmful gases.Anaerobic digesters are commonly employed in the agricultural sector for the purpose of converting animal dung and crop residues into biogas.Biogas has the potential to serve as a source of power for agricultural operations and can also be integrated into existing natural gas distribution networks.Pyrolysis and gasification are emerging technologies that are currently under development with the aim of transforming diverse waste streams, such as plastics and biomass, into economically valuable commodities such as biofuels and chemicals [48].The implementation of landfill gas collection systems is a prevalent practise observed in numerous landfills, wherein methane is captured with the purpose of generating energy or utilising it directly as a fuel source.The garbage-to-energy technologies serve as a prime illustration of the conversion of garbage from a challenge in disposal to a viable alternative for resource recovery.These entities exemplify the core tenets of the circular economy and sustainable waste management, thereby contributing to the reducegation of environmental harm, the generation of clean energy, and the promotion of resource preservation.In light of the escalating production of trash and growing energy needs on a global scale, trash-to-Energy (WtE) technologies present a viable avenue for achieving a more sustainable and resilient trajectory [49].The process of converting organic waste is a crucial approach in contemporary waste management methodologies, as it aligns with objectives of sustainability and efficient utilisation of resources.The improper management of organic waste, encompassing food scraps, yard clippings, and agricultural residues, can have substantial implications for landfills and the release of greenhouse gases, particularly when subjected to anaerobic decomposition.The use of novel technologies and methodologies presents viable possibilities for effectively utilising the potential of organic waste, all the while minimising its adverse effects on the environment.Anaerobic digestion is a biological process that involves the decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.It is a complex microbial process of anaerobic digestion is well recognised as a notable technological solution for the conversion of organic waste into valuable resources.The biological phenomenon encompasses the decomposition of organic matter by microbes in an anaerobic environment, leading to the generation of biogas, predominantly composed of methane and carbon dioxide.Anaerobic digestion encompasses several fundamental components: The creation of biogas involves the anaerobic digestion process, which yields a versatile and sustainable energy source that can be utilised for the generation of power, production of heat, or as a fuel for vehicles.The process of capturing and utilising methane contributes to the reduce of greenhouse gas emissions.Digestate refers to the residual substances in both solid and liquid forms that remain after the process of digestion.These remnants, commonly known as digestate, possess high levels of nutrients and can serve as an effective soil conditioner or fertiliser, so contributing to the completion of the resource recovery cycle.Composting is the process of decomposing organic matter, such as food scraps and garden waste.Composting is an inherent biological process that facilitates the decomposition of organic waste materials, resulting in the production of humus that is abundant in nutrients.The process is of an aerobic nature, as it is dependent on bacteria that necessitate the presence of oxygen in order to facilitate the decomposition of organic substances.Several important factors are involved in the process of composting: Soil enrichment is achieved through the utilisation of compost, which has the potential to enhance various aspects of soil quality, including water retention, nutritional content, and structural integrity.This has advantageous implications for the fields of agriculture, horticulture, and landscaping [49].The process of composting serves to divert organic waste from landfills, thereby reducegating the release of methane emissions and alleviating the need for landfill space.Municipal solid waste (MSW) encompasses a wide array of items, comprising organic trash, plastics, paper, glass, and metals.The primary objective of sustainable waste management is to optimise the utilisation of municipal solid waste (MSW) by employing a range of solutions.Material Recovery Facilities (MRFs) employ a combination of mechanised technologies and human effort to effectively segregate recyclable materials from municipal solid waste (MSW) streams.The utilisation of recovered materials in recycling processes serves to diminish the need for virgin resources.Waste-to-energy (WtE) facilities, including incineration plants, employ the thermal energy derived from the combustion of municipal solid waste (MSW) to generate both electrical power and heat.This practise effectively decreases the volume of garbage, reduces the utilisation of landfills, and offers a source of renewable energy.Comprehensive recycling programmes serve as effective mechanisms to promote the separation of recyclable materials from municipal solid waste (MSW), so diverting items such as paper, cardboard, plastics, and metals away from landfill disposal [50].Waste-to-energy facilities, also known as energy recovery facilities, are infrastructures designed to convert various forms of waste into usable energy The garbageto-energy (WtE) facilities comprise a diverse array of technologies designed to transform non-recyclable garbage into viable sources of electricity.These facilities are of utmost importance in the context of sustainable waste management.Incineration is a contemporary waste management method in which municipal solid waste (MSW) is combusted in controlled environments.The resulting heat is utilised to generate steam, which in turn powers turbines to produce electricity.Pollution control technologies serve to reduce the release of harmful emissions.Gasification and pyrolysis are sophisticated thermal processes that involve the application of heat to municipal solid waste (MSW) in an oxygen-free environment.This transformative procedure results in the production of syngas, biofuels, or other valuable commodities, all while reducegating potential adverse effects on the environment.Landfill gas recovery is a process that involves the collection and utilisation of methane gas emitted from municipal solid waste (MSW) as it undergoes decomposition within landfills [51].Landfill gas recovery systems are designed to catch and utilise methane gas for the purpose of electricity generation or direct utilisation.The proper management of organic waste conversion and the effective utilisation of municipal solid waste are integral aspects of sustainable waste management strategies.These approaches place emphasis on the recovery of resources, generation of energy, and protection of the environment, thereby lowering the environmental impact of trash disposal and contributing to the concept of a circular economy.

Conclusion
The incorporation of these three essential components, namely resources, energy, and trash, presents the potential to establish a more sustainable and circular economy.The main findings derived from this investigation encompass: The optimisation of resources is of utmost importance in order to maximise efficiency and durability of materials, hence minimising environmental effect and preserving precious resources.The utilisation of sustainable resources, the practise of recycling, and the implementation of circular design concepts play a crucial role in attaining this objective.The promotion of energy-efficient technology and the utilisation of renewable energy sources are imperative in order to effectively reduce carbon emissions and facilitate the transition towards a more environmentally friendly energy framework.Smart energy management and grid optimisation are crucial factors that significantly impact the overall efficiency and effectiveness of energy systems. The concept of waste-to-wealth highlights that waste should not be viewed solely as a matter of disposal, but rather as a potential resource.Waste-to-energy technology, recycling programmes, and waste management practises play a significant role in facilitating resource recovery, minimising landfill utilisation, and promoting energy generation. The circular economy concept, which places emphasis on the recycling, reuse, and sustainability of resources, signifies a fundamental change in our approach to production, consumption, and waste management. By using an integrative methodology, it is possible to attain comprehensive solutions that effectively tackle intricate environmental concerns.The challenges and future directions in attaining a sustainable and resilient future involve the need to overcome impediments in implementation, embrace emerging technology, and expand waste-to-wealth programmes on a larger scale. The use of the ideas of completing the loop in materials, energy, and waste management has the potential to facilitate the development of a more sustainable, circular, and prosperous global society for both current and future generations.

Fig. 3
Fig.3 Distribution of Waste management sector

Fig. 4
Fig.4 Graphical representation of utilization of municipal solid waste