AquaLives: Navigating the Interplay of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene for Global Health

The provision of uncontaminated water, sufficient sanitation facilities, and appropriate hygiene behaviours is an essential entitlement of every individual and plays a crucial role in promoting worldwide health and overall welfare. The interconnection between water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) exerts a significant influence on the health outcomes of global societies. This study examines the complex relationship between water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) within the framework of global health. It specifically highlights the difficulties, prospects, and capacity for significant change that this relationship presents. In a global context characterised by enduring issues such as limited access to water resources, insufficient sanitation infrastructure, and suboptimal hygiene practises, the demand for creative and groundbreaking remedies has become increasingly urgent. This study explores the various complex aspects of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH), analysing its direct and indirect influence on health, nutrition, education, and economic advancement. The significance of AquaLives lies in emphasising the pressing need to accomplish the targets set by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) pertaining to water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) within the timeframe of 2030. This study analyses case studies and best practises from different countries, providing insights into effective strategies that can potentially revolutionise communities' access to clean water, sanitation, and hygiene education. this research study explores the interconnections between Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) initiatives and the growing global health concerns, including the readiness for pandemics and the adaptation to climate change. AquaLives aims to foster a revitalised dedication to Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) as a fundamental pillar of worldwide public health. The statement underscores the importance of fostering joint endeavours, promoting policy innovation, and augmenting investments in infrastructure and education.


Introduction
The provision of uncontaminated water, adequate sanitation infrastructure, and effective hygiene protocols are fundamental elements for promoting human welfare and maintaining optimal health.The interrelated components, commonly referred to as Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH), constitute the fundamental pillars of global public health and development endeavours.The relationship between water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) and global health is characterised by significant depth and intricacy, resulting in extensive consequences for individuals, communities, and societies at large [1].The purpose of this section is to provide a background and rationale for the study.It is important to establish the context and justification for doing the research.Water is widely recognised as the fundamental and essential resource for sustaining life.A significant portion of the global population continues to face the challenge of inadequate access to secure and dependable sources of potable water, as shown in fig. 1. Concurrently, the presence of insufficient sanitation facilities and substandard hygiene practises significantly contribute to the proliferation of diseases, perpetuation of poverty cycles, and impede the progress of socioeconomic development [2].The examination of the connection between water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) and global health is motivated by the urgent and ongoing difficulties that exist in this field.Although substantial advancements have been achieved over time, the endeavour to attain comprehensive availability of uncontaminated water, adequate sanitation facilities, and comprehensive hygiene education still remains unfinished.A significant number of individuals still experience the adverse effects of avoidable waterborne illnesses, resulting in sickness, mortality, and societal ramifications [3].It is vital to comprehend the complex interconnections among these three components.The provision of clean water alone is inadequate when sanitation and hygiene practises are disregarded.Similarly, the mere presence of enhanced sanitation infrastructure does not provide health advantages in the absence of concurrent modifications in hygiene practises.In order to properly manage the intricate interaction at hand, it is imperative to acknowledge the common goals and synergistic relationships that exist among initiatives pertaining to water, sanitation, and hygiene [4].
This study explores the core aspects of AquaLives, providing insights into the complex nature of WASH, the obstacles encountered, and the possibility for significant change.Through an analysis of the interconnectedness of clean water, sanitation, and hygiene in the wider framework of global health, our objective is to foster a more profound comprehension of these interdependencies, ultimately striving towards a future that is both healthier and characterised by greater equity for all individuals [5].The main objective of this academic article, named "AquaLives: Exploring the Interrelationship between Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene for Global Health," is to conduct a thorough analysis of the pivotal significance attributed to Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) within the domain of global health.The objective of this study is to cultivate a comprehensive comprehension of the intricate relationships among clean water, sanitation facilities, and hygiene practises, and their combined influence on the health and overall welfare of individuals and communities on a global scale.Also, the purpose of this study is to emphasise the need of promptly addressing difficulties and opportunities linked to water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) within the wider context of sustainable development and public health.Through this approach, the aim is to provide information to policymakers, researchers, practitioners, and the wider public regarding the importance of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) in the attainment of global health objectives.The scope and objectives of the study are outlined in this section [6].This study aims to address and explore the scope and objectives within the following crucial domains: This study aims to conduct a thorough examination of the complex relationship between water, sanitation, and hygiene, and their impact on world health.The research will incorporate a historical perspective, address existing concerns, and explore developing issues in this field.The objective of this study is to identify and effectively communicate the primary challenges and obstacles encountered in the pursuit of attaining widespread accessibility to uncontaminated water, sufficient sanitation facilities, and appropriate hygiene practises.This encompasses the examination and resolution of challenges such as the limited availability of water resources, insufficient infrastructure, and behavioural determinants that impact the practise of hygiene [7].
This study aims to investigate the inequities in the availability of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services, with a specific focus on groups who are disadvantaged and marginalised.The primary objective is to highlight the need of ensuring fairness and justice in WASH interventions.The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a set of global objectives established by the United Nations to address various social, economic, and environmental challenges faced by countries worldwide.The purpose of this study is to evaluate the advancements made in attaining the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) pertaining to water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), as well as to examine the potential advantages and challenges associated with accomplishing these objectives by the year 2030 [8]- [10].This study aims to examine effective Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) programmes and creative strategies implemented globally.It will emphasise the analysis of case studies and best practises that demonstrate the capacity to enhance the accessibility of clean water, sanitation facilities, and hygiene practises.Fig. 2 shows the graphical representation of state wise ranking in terms of WASH parameters in India [11].The objective of this discourse is to examine the changing significance of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) in tackling emergent global concerns, including but not limited to pandemic preparedness, climate change adaptation, and disaster response.This study aims to analyse the involvement of governments, non-governmental organisations (NGOs), the corporate sector, and civil society in the promotion of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) initiatives.Additionally, it seeks to underscore the significance of implementing efficient policies and establishing robust governance structures in this context.In light of the analysis, it is recommended that appropriate measures be taken to address the identified issues.Also, a call to action is proposed to initiate the necessary steps towards resolving these concerns.The objective of this study is to offer guidance to policymakers, practitioners, and stakeholders regarding the prioritisation and promotion of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) initiatives within the framework of global health.This statement aims to advocate for a renewed dedication and financial allocation towards Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) efforts, with the objective of enhancing the well-being of individuals on a global scale [12].

The Importance of WASH for Global Health
Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) is a comprehensive concept that encompasses a range of interconnected practises and infrastructure with the objective of protecting and enhancing public health.This is achieved through the provision of uncontaminated water, the establishment of sufficient sanitation facilities, and the encouragement of proper hygiene behaviours.The comprehensive integration of each component of WASH is crucial for safeguarding the overall welfare and enhancing the standard of living for both individuals and communities.The following is an exhaustive elucidation of the constituent elements encompassed inside the WASH framework: Water is a fundamental substance that is crucial for the maintenance of life, as well as the preservation of health and overall well-being.Within the framework of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH), the term "clean water" refers specifically to water that is deemed suitable for consumption, devoid of any detrimental substances such as bacteria, viruses, chemicals, and pollutants.The provision of clean water is of utmost importance for several essential purposes such as drinking, cooking, personal hygiene, and sanitation practises [13].The provision of secure water sources plays a crucial role in mitigating the risk of waterborne illnesses and promoting overall well-being.Sanitation includes the systematic handling and proper disposal of human excreta, including faeces and urine, as well as the facilitation of hygienic and uncontaminated surroundings.Adequate sanitation encompasses the use of appropriate facilities and infrastructure to provide the secure containment, transportation, treatment, and disposal of waste products.The purpose of implementing proper sanitation facilities and practises is to mitigate the contamination of water sources and the transmission of diseases, hence fostering public health and encouraging environmental sustainability [14].
Hygiene is a comprehensive set of personal and environmental practises aimed at fostering cleanliness and promoting optimal health.The set of practises encompasses activities such as the utilisation of soap for handwashing, adherence to proper food hygiene protocols, effective management of menstrual hygiene, and the safe handling of water and sanitation facilities.The implementation of effective hygiene practises has a crucial role in the prevention of disease transmission, particularly in cases when diseases are transmitted by fecal-oral routes.Engaging in hygiene practises mitigates the likelihood of contamination and promotes holistic health and well-being.The historical progression of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) is intricately interconnected with the advancement of human civilisation and our comprehension of public health.Throughout the course of many ages, there has been a notable progression in the acknowledgment of the paramount significance associated with the provision of uncontaminated water, sufficient sanitation facilities, and the implementation of hygienic practises.This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the historical backdrop and evolutionary trajectory of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) initiatives.The study of ancient civilizations, namely those predating the Common Era (BCE), is of significant scholarly interest.Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley represent two of the first urban civilizations in human history, both characterised by the presence of basic water supply and waste disposal systems.Ancient Rome was renowned for its sophisticated aqueduct systems and communal bathing establishments, which facilitated the provision of hygienic water and sanitary amenities [15].The period commonly referred to as the Middle Ages, spanning from the 5th to the 15th century, is a significant era in European history.
In the context of mediaeval Europe, there was a notable deterioration in the upkeep of infrastructure that had been established during the Roman era.This decline had significant consequences, including the emergence of unhygienic circumstances and the subsequent proliferation of watery illnesses.The Renaissance and Enlightenment, spanning from the 15th through the 18th century, were significant periods in history characterised by intellectual and cultural advancements [16].The Renaissance and Enlightenment periods witnessed significant progress in the fields of science and engineering, which in turn contributed to the development of enhanced knowledge regarding water treatment and sanitation.The need of maintaining clean water sources became increasingly evident, leading to a surge in initiatives aimed at ensuring access to safe drinking water for urban communities.The Industrial Revolution, which took place during the 18th and 19th centuries, was a significant period of economic and social transformation.The accelerated process of urbanisation resulting from the Industrial Revolution gave rise to densely populated urban areas characterised by insufficient sanitation facilities, hence exacerbating the occurrence of disease epidemics.The rise of sewage systems, encompassing the establishment of sewer networks and treatment facilities, emerged as a response to the prevailing sanitary issues.During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, significant developments and transformations occurred in various aspects of society, culture, and technology [17].The establishment of the connection between disease transmission and contaminated water was accomplished by the groundbreaking efforts of renowned scientists such as Louis Pasteur and John Snow throughout the latter part of the 19th century.The public health movements advocated for enhanced water quality, efficient sewage disposal, and comprehensive hygiene education.The period following World War II.Following the conclusion of World War II, there emerged a widespread acknowledgement on a global scale about the imperative necessity for enhanced water and sanitation infrastructure as a means to mitigate the spread of diseases and foster the advancement of public health.Initiatives were launched by international organisations such as UNICEF and WHO with the aim of enhancing the availability of clean water and sanitation facilities in poor nations.The period from the late 20th century until the present During the latter half of the 20th century, there was a notable surge in global endeavours aimed at attaining widespread accessibility to uncontaminated water and adequate sanitary facilities.The essential human rights of safe drinking water and sanitation were established by the United Nations.The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and subsequently the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have established ambitious objectives pertaining to access to water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), with the aim of achieving universal coverage by the year 2030.
The progress in technology and the development of innovative practises in water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) have resulted in the emergence of more sustainable and efficient solutions [18].The provision of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) is widely acknowledged as an inherent entitlement of all individuals.The recognition of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) as fundamental human rights is firmly grounded in international legal frameworks, ethical considerations, and guiding principles that underscore the significance of these essential requirements for upholding human dignity, promoting good health, and ensuring overall well-being.This paper presents an examination of the concept of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) as an essential human entitlement.The international legal framework refers to the system of laws and regulations that govern the conduct of nations and their interactions on a global scale.The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) encompasses Article 25, which asserts the entitlement of every individual to a level of living that is sufficient for their physical and mental well, encompassing provisions for clean water and sanitation.The International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights, established in 1966, is a significant international agreement.The treaty acknowledges the entitlement to a satisfactory level of living, encompassing provisions for nourishment, attire, and shelter.The implication of the framework is that everyone possess the right to access safe drinking water and sanitation.In its General Comment No. 15 (2002), the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, responsible for monitoring the implementation of the International Covenant, offered valuable insights about the right to water.The Committee emphasised that access to water is an essential prerequisite for individuals to live a life that upholds human dignity.The provision of clean water, sanitation facilities, and adherence to hygiene practises are essential components for upholding human dignity.In the absence of these factors, individuals are rendered more susceptible to diseases, endure various forms of humiliation, and may encounter obstacles in realising their full capabilities.The topic of discussion pertains to the field of public health and its role in disease prevention.The provision of clean water, adequate sanitation facilities, and proper hygiene practises play a crucial role in mitigating the risk of waterborne diseases and illnesses associated with inadequate sanitation.The provision of these services facilitates the enhancement of public health and contributes to the mitigation of mortality and morbidity rates [19].
The establishment of adequate access to water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) facilities is of utmost importance in the pursuit of gender equality.The responsibility of water collection and sanitation tasks is frequently shouldered by women and girls, which has significant implications for their educational opportunities, safety, and overall welfare.The topic of discussion pertains to the rights of children.The provision of WASH services is crucial in upholding the rights of children.The absence of access to clean water and adequate sanitary facilities can impede the physical and cognitive development of individuals and subject them to various health hazards.The recognition of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) as a fundamental human right holds significant importance, especially for groups who are vulnerable and marginalised.This includes individuals living in impoverished conditions, refugee and displaced communities, as well as those residing in rural areas.The statement underscores the importance of ensuring equitable access to water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services.International commitments refer to agreements or obligations that countries make with one other on a global scale.The concept of accountability and monitoring is of utmost importance in various domains.By conceptualising WASH (Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene) as a fundamental human right, it imposes a responsibility on governments and international entities to formulate policies, distribute resources, and oversee advancements in order to guarantee the fulfilment of these rights [20]- [23].

The Interconnected World of WASH
The interrelated domain of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) encompasses a complex network of connections and interdependencies that together influence the physical and mental health of individuals and communities on a global scale.The three components, although they have distinct areas of emphasis, are inherently interconnected, and their interaction is crucial for effectively tackling public health issues and promoting the achievement of sustainable development objectives.The provision of uncontaminated water is a fundamental pillar of public health, as shown in fig. 3. Access to clean water is of utmost importance as it serves as a fundamental resource for drinking, culinary purposes, and personal cleanliness [24].This is crucial in mitigating the potential hazards associated with waterborne illnesses, including but not limited to cholera, dysentery, and diarrhoea.Ensuring appropriate water quality and implementing effective management strategies are crucial in mitigating the risk of water source contamination, hence safeguarding populations from potential health hazards.The provision of sufficient sanitation infrastructure, encompassing toilets and sewage systems, plays a pivotal role in mitigating the transmission of diseases.The appropriate disposal of human waste serves to prevent the pollution of water sources [25].The implementation of enhanced sanitary infrastructure has been found to have a significant impact in reducing the incidence of several diseases, such as intestinal worms, schistosomiasis, and trachoma.Hygiene practises, such as the act of handwashing with soap, play a crucial role in mitigating the transmission of infections.Frequent hand hygiene practises have been shown to effectively mitigate the transmission of respiratory infections such as the common cold and influenza, as well as gastrointestinal ailments [26].Hygiene education and behaviour modification initiatives serve as a valuable supplement to water and sanitation infrastructure, effectively promoting the adoption of safe practises within communities.Enhancing the Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) conditions in schools has been found to have a positive impact on the learning environment for children.The provision of clean water and adequate sanitary infrastructure is crucial in enabling consistent school attendance and facilitating optimal academic engagement among pupils.The implementation of enhanced water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) practises in educational institutions has been found to result in a decrease in illness rates, hence positively impacting attendance rates and academic achievements.Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) initiatives have been found to contribute to economic development through the mitigation of healthcare expenses and the enhancement of productivity.When communities are provided with adequate access to clean water and sanitation facilities, there is a reduction in the allocation of resources towards the treatment of preventable diseases [27].
The acquisition of productive time is also achieved when persons, namely women and girls, are relieved from the necessity of dedicating several hours each day to the task of water collection.The concept of climate resilience refers to the ability of a system or community to withstand and recover from the impacts of climate change.It The phenomenon of climate change has the potential to impact both the accessibility and the overall quality of water resources.The establishment of robust water supply and sanitation systems is important in order to effectively respond to evolving environmental circumstances [28].The implementation of sustainable water management strategies, such as the utilisation of rainwater collecting and wastewater recycling techniques, significantly contributes to the enhancement of both water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) conditions and the ability to withstand and adapt to climate change impacts.The provision of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services is frequently characterised by inequities, wherein marginalised and vulnerable communities experience the most pronounced discrepancies.It is imperative to prioritise the resolution of these disparities in order to advance the principles of social justice and foster inclusive growth.The notion of ensuring equitable access to water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) for all individuals, irrespective of their socio-cultural context or geographical location, is a key tenet of both global health and human rights.The provision of clean water is not solely a matter of convenience, but rather an essential requirement for the preservation of human health.Potable water is characterised by the absence of detrimental impurities, disease-causing microorganisms, and substances that can lead to waterborne illnesses.Communities that face inadequate access to uncontaminated water sources are susceptible to acquiring diseases such as cholera, dysentery, and diarrhoea, which possess the potential to be fatal, particularly for vulnerable demographics such children and the elderly [28].Clean water is crucial for sustaining general well-being due to its role in supporting correct hydration, digestion, and body functioning, in addition to its preventive effects against acute diseases.The provision of clean water is a fundamental aspect of public health, playing a crucial role in the prevention of waterborne illnesses and the promotion of improved well-being.The presence of sanitation infrastructure is of utmost importance in ensuring the protection of public health through the mitigation of disease transmission originating from human waste.Sufficient sanitation infrastructure, encompassing toilets and sewage systems, plays a crucial role in effectively containing, treating, and disposing of human excrement, hence mitigating the risk of environmental and water source contamination [29].When effective sanitation measures are lacking, populations become vulnerable to a variety of diseases that are directly linked to inadequate sanitation practises.These diseases encompass several forms of intestinal worms, schistosomiasis, and trachoma.Through the implementation of hygienic conditions and efficient waste disposal systems, sanitation plays a crucial role in mitigating the potential for disease transmission and fostering the development of improved, dignified living spaces [30].The adherence to hygiene practises, which include consistent handwashing with soap, ensuring food safety, and maintaining personal cleanliness, plays a crucial role in preserving the health and welfare of both individuals and communities.The act of handwashing in isolation is widely recognised as a highly efficacious method for mitigating the spread of infections, particularly those of bacterial and viral origin.By adhering to proper hand hygiene practises during key moments, such as prior to consuming food and following toilet use, individuals effectively decrease the probability of acquiring and transmitting contagious diseases such as the common cold, influenza, and gastrointestinal infections.In addition, the implementation of hygiene education and behaviour modification initiatives serves to encourage the adoption of safe practises, hence enhancing health outcomes.The promotion of personal cleanliness and disease prevention is facilitated by the availability of clean water and sanitation facilities, highlighting the interconnectedness of the various components of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) in fostering overall well-being [31]- [34].

Challenges and Barriers in WASH
The issue of global water scarcity is a significant and urgent dilemma that is further intensified by various reasons, including but not limited to population expansion, urban development, the impacts of climate change, and ineffective management of water resources.Numerous geographical areas encounter severe water scarcity, resulting in inadequate availability of potable water for the purposes of drinking and maintaining proper hygiene.The current crisis has a disproportionate impact on marginalised communities, hence increasing existing health inequities.In many regions of sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, communities face significant challenges in obtaining consistent access to safe and clean water sources.Consequently, they often depend on contaminated water sources, which in turn contribute to the prevalence of waterborne diseases.The severity of the situation is exemplified by a case study conducted in Cape Town, South Africa, during the period of the 2017-2018 water crisis.The convergence of a prolonged period of drought and inadequate resource management nearly precipitated the occurrence of "Day Zero," a critical state in which the urban centre would have faced a complete depletion of its water supply.In order to prevent this calamity, it became imperative to implement drastic measures, such as water rationing, and encourage behavioural changes.These actions underscore the pressing need for sustainable water management and ensuring equal access to water resources [35].The issue of inadequate sanitary infrastructure is a prevalent and widespread global problem, especially in nations with lower economic resources.A significant number of individuals face inadequate access to appropriate sanitation facilities and sewage infrastructure, resulting in the practise of open defecation and dangerous disposal of human excreta.The lack of proper sanitary infrastructure leads to the pollution of water sources, resulting in the transmission of diseases such as cholera and diarrheal ailments.This topic is exemplified through a case study conducted in urban slums in India.In densely populated areas such as Dharavi in Mumbai, the prevalence of overcrowded living conditions and inadequate sanitary infrastructure contributes to suboptimal health outcomes.The enhancement of sanitation access in these regions is being facilitated by community-led initiatives and government actions, underscoring the imperative for sustainable approaches to effectively tackle this crucial dimension of public health [36].
The impact of behavioural and cultural influences on hygiene practises is substantial.The adoption of healthy hygiene behaviours might be influenced by deeply ingrained ideas and traditions.In certain geographical areas, the act of handwashing prior to meals or following the use of bathroom facilities may not be ingrained as a conventional behaviour.The modification of these behaviours necessitates the implementation of culturally sensitive strategies that demonstrate reverence for indigenous customs and practises.The Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) strategy has demonstrated efficacy in tackling behavioural and cultural obstacles within the context of Nepal.The Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) approach involves the active participation of communities in engaging in a process of introspection and evaluation of their sanitation practises [37].This process ultimately leads to the adoption of collective measures aimed at the construction and utilisation of toilets.This approach highlights the significance of cultural context and community engagement in fostering hygienic practises, showcasing the possibility for enduring transformation when these elements are taken into account.In order to enhance access to clean water, sanitation, and hygiene practises, it is imperative to address a range of challenges, including global water scarcity, insufficient sanitation infrastructure, and behavioural and cultural obstacles.To effectively tackle these issues, it is essential to employ innovative solutions, foster community participation, and implement legislative interventions [38].The difficulties are interrelated and necessitate the implementation of many measures in order to promote improved health and well-being for all individuals.The attainment of comprehensive accessibility to Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) services extends beyond mere infrastructure and resource availability.It is intricately linked to social variables and the imperative of ensuring fairness and equity.It is imperative to acknowledge and confront these factors in order to guarantee equitable access to water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services and advantages for marginalised and vulnerable communities.The following are fundamental elements pertaining to equity and socioeconomic determinants within the framework of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH).The social determinant of income levels has a crucial role in determining individuals' access to water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services.Individuals residing in impoverished conditions frequently have financial constraints that hinder their ability to invest in sanitation facilities for their households or to obtain access to enhanced sources of water [39]- [41].
The consideration of equity in the context of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) necessitates the implementation of specific interventions and subsidies to guarantee that the most economically disadvantaged communities and individuals are able to avail themselves of these essential services.The implementation of policies and financial mechanisms that are specifically designed to address the needs of the impoverished population can effectively reduce the disparity between different socioeconomic groups [42].The social determinant of gender inequality is widely seen in the context of access to water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH).Females, both women and girls, frequently bear the weight of obligations pertaining to the gathering of water, sanitation practises, and hygiene maintenance.These tasks have the potential to restrict their prospects for education and economic advancement.Equity considerations encompass gender-sensitive approaches that acknowledge and address the distinct obstacles encountered by women and girls.The promotion of gender equity in the Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) sector encompasses various measures, including the assurance of safe and accessible facilities, the consideration of menstrual hygiene management, and the active engagement of women in decision-making procedures [44].
The inclusion of individuals with disabilities is a crucial aspect to be taken into account when considering equity in WASH services.This entails the development of infrastructure and programmes that are designed to be accessible, as well as the promotion of practises that prioritise inclusivity for those with disabilities.Indigenous and minority populations are demographic groups that possess distinct cultural, ethnic, or ancestral characteristics, often differing from the dominant or majority population within a given society.The social determinant of access to water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services can be influenced by discriminatory practises and exclusionary measures experienced by indigenous and minority communities.The consideration of equity entails the acknowledgment and reverence of the entitlements possessed by indigenous and minority people.The implementation of community-led initiatives and culturally relevant treatments is of utmost importance.The social determinant under consideration is the impact of conflict and humanitarian crises on infrastructure and access to water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services.These disruptions have a disproportionate effect on vulnerable groups [45].The prompt and fair response to Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) needs in conflict and crisis scenarios is imperative [46].Humanitarian organisations are tasked with the imperative of prioritising the most vulnerable individuals, which included displaced people.The promotion of equality in water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) requires a comprehensive approach that takes into account the various social determinants that impact both access and behaviour.
The process entails customising interventions to suit specific local circumstances, involving community participation, and tackling structural disparities in order to guarantee universal access and achievement of clean water, sanitation, and hygiene, irrespective of social or economic variables.

Future Directions and Recommendations
The persistent difficulty of achieving universal access to clean Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) services necessitates consistent and targeted efforts.It is advisable to engage many stakeholders, such as governmental bodies, funders, charitable institutions, and the corporate sector, in order to allocate resources and prioritise initiatives related to water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH).The need of long-term dedication and cooperation in effectively addressing comprehensive WASH concerns is emphasised by these proposed future initiatives and recommendations.Through the implementation of these measures, it is possible to strive towards a future in which all individuals and communities are able to obtain clean water, sanitation, and hygiene in an equitable manner.This would ultimately lead to enhanced global health and overall well-being.

Conclusion
The study paper titled "AquaLives: Navigating the Interplay of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene for Global Health" highlights the significant importance of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) in advancing global health, overall welfare, and the attainment of sustainable development.This statement highlights the interdependence of these three essential elements, underscoring their combined influence on the prevention of diseases, promotion of public health, and establishment of social equity.
 The examination of historical context elucidates the progression of WASH practises from ancient societies to contemporary worldwide endeavours, underscoring the continuing significance of maintaining clean water, sanitation infrastructure, and hygiene behaviours. This study article highlights the need of acknowledging and resolving disparities and socioeconomic variables that impact access to water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services. The interdependence of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) exemplifies the intricate  connections between clean water, sanitation infrastructure, and hygienic behaviours. In anticipation of the future, the paper delineates forthcoming avenues and suggestions, with a particular focus on the incorporation of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) practises into healthcare systems, advancements in technology, programmes aimed at modifying behaviour, resilience to climate change, active involvement of communities, comprehensive collection of data, reforms in policies, and collaborative efforts across different sector.

Fig. 2
Fig.2 State wise ranking in terms of WASH parameters in India

Fig. 3
Fig.3 Graphical representation of different water sanitation methods usage

Fig. 4
Fig. 4 Graphical representation highlight disparities in access to clean water and sanitation facilities based on income levels, ruralurban divides, and gender considerations.
[48]following are prospective avenues and suggestions for advancing Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) activities with the aim of enhancing global health outcomes.It is recommended to enhance the integration of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) practises within healthcare systems and policies in order to bolster the efficacy of disease preventive strategies and health promotion efforts.It is advisable to establish partnerships with health ministries in order to formulate and execute comprehensive Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) guidelines in healthcare establishments, while simultaneously enhancing health education efforts pertaining to hygienic practises.Technological advancements refer to the progress and development in the field of technology.The adoption of technology and innovation should be pursued in order to enhance water treatment, sanitation solutions, and data collection.It is advisable to allocate resources towards the advancement of research and development endeavours aimed at producing economically viable, environmentally friendly, and easily adaptable WASH technologies that can be effectively implemented in various contexts.It is recommended to prioritise behaviour modification programmes and hygiene education as a strategic and enduring investment in the domain of disease prevention.It is advisable to implement community-led projects that prioritise persistent behaviour change while being culturally sensitive, with a particular emphasis on incorporating local knowledge and practises.The concept of climate resilience refers to the ability of a system or community to withstand and recover from the impacts of climate change.It is imperative to prioritise the reinforcement of water resource management in order to bolster climate resilience and effectively react to the dynamic nature of environmental conditions.It is advisable to prioritise the establishment of climate-resilient infrastructure and comprehensive disaster preparedness strategies in order to guarantee uninterrupted access to water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services during periods of emergency[47].Facilitate the empowerment of communities in assuming responsibility for their Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) solutions, thereby promoting long-term sustainability and equitable access.It is advisable to advocate for the use of participatory approaches that actively engage communities in the processes of planning, implementing, and maintaining water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) infrastructure.The process of monitoring and data collection is an essential component in various fields of study.It involves the systematic observation and recording of information to gather relevant data for analysis and evaluation.This practise is commonly employed in scientific the forthcoming course of action involves the augmentation of data gathering, monitoring, and reporting systems with the aim of effectively monitoring progress and identifying areas requiring attention[48].It is advisable to allocate resources towards the development of resilient data infrastructure, implementation of comprehensive surveys, and use of remote sensing technologies to enable timely monitoring and informed decision-making processes.It is recommended to enhance the governance and regulatory frameworks pertaining to Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) services at both the national and local levels.It is advisable to actively support policies that promote the provision of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services, allocate resources in a fair manner, and establish mechanisms to enforce accountability, thereby ensuring equal access to these essential services.Facilitate and promote collaborative efforts across the health, education, environment, and development sectors.It is recommended to establish task forces and collaborations between different ministries in order to effectively tackle intricate difficulties that arise at the convergence of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) with other sectors.It is imperative to promote further research endeavours aimed at enhancing our comprehension of the health consequences and remedies associated with Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) interventions.Allocate resources towards research endeavours that investigate nascent complexities and assess the efficacy of solutions.The topic of advocacy and funding is of significant importance in various academic disciplines and research fields[49].It is recommended to actively promote and advocate for augmented allocation of resources towards Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) programmes and initiatives, including local, national, and international spheres.