IDENTIFICATION OF PARASITES ON FISH CONSUMPTION AT SEVERAL FISH MARKETS IN BOGOR CITY

This study aims to identify the types of parasites in fish consumed in several fish markets in Bogor City. This study used 100 consumption fish which included goldfish, tilapia, catfish, and mujahir fish. Sampling Fish were taken randomly at 5 fish markets in Bogor City, namely Gunung Batu Market, Pajajaran Market, Merdeka Market, Bogor Market, and Yasmin Market. Samples of fish organs examined were gills, fins and digestive organs (intestines). The examination results showed that the prevalence of consumption fish infected with parasites was 22% and included in the "Often" category. The highest prevalence of parasite infection was at Gunung Batu Market and Merdeka Market with a prevalence of 30% each. The types of parasites found were cestode worms namely Ligula intestinalis and Trematoda sub class Monogea namely Dactylogyrus sp and Gyrodactylus sp . Ligula intestinalis infects goldfish. Dactylogyrus sp and Gyrodactylus sp infected goldfish and mujair fish. Parasite infections in consuming fish at the Bogor City Fish Market are caused by dense fish density, poor water quality, optimal temperature for parasites and stress factors.


Introduction
Fish is an animal protein that has high nutritional value for consumption by the people of Indonesia [1].Indonesian people consume fresh water fish more often than sea fish.Fresh water fish commonly consumed by Indonesian people are mujair fish, goldfish, tilapia fish, and catfish.These fish are liked by the people of Indonesia because they taste good, have high nutritional content, are cheap, safe to consume, availability of fish is always available throughout the year, easy to process and easy to find in various fish markets in Indonesia, including in the Bogor City.People know it as consumption fish [2].
Fresh fish farming is inseparable from disease disturbances.Disease disorders that often attack freshwater fish are parasitic infections.Parasitic infections in fish are caused by ectoparasites and endoparasites.Ectoparasites are parasites that live on the surface of fish bodies and have an impact on fish.Endoparasites are parasites that live in the body of fish such as the digestive organs of the intestine.Both of these parasites are detrimental to fish.Parasitic infections generally cause stunted growth, respiratory problems, movement disorders, decreased immune system and can cause death.Parasitic infections cause parts of the body to experience injury, making it easier for viruses and bacteria to enter.Fish parasite infections also cause fish body weight to decrease, and consumer rejection due to abnormal morphology or fish size [3,4].Some fish parasites can not only infect fellow fish, but can infect humans.This condition is zoonotic.Humans who consume fish infected with zoonotic parasites will experience symptoms such as diarrhea, pain in digestive disorders and of course affect human health [4,5].Several cases were caused by consuming raw fish infected with zoonotic nematode worms such as infection with Anasakis sp worms and Diplobothrium latum [6].Information about parasitic infections in consuming fish is very important for the community as fish consumers.Many fish are consumed raw or undercooked in its current development.One type of fish that is processed raw, such as sushi, sashmi, naniura fish, and grilled fish.Parasitic worm infections have been reported in fish ponds in Bogor District, namely Ciomas and Dramaga [1] and various areas in Indonesia [7,8].Information on parasitic infections that attack consumption fish in fish markets in Indonesia is very minimally reported.This information is very important for the community in choosing fish for consumption.Based on this, information is needed regarding parasite infections in fish consumed in fish markets.

Consumption Fish Sampling
The research was conducted from February to March 2023.Sampling Consumption fish were taken randomly at 5 fish markets in Bogor City, namely Gunung Batu Market, Pajajaran Market, Merdeka Market, Bogor Market, and Yasmin Market.Fish organ samples taken were gills, fins and digestive organs.The types of consumption fish that were sampled were goldfish, tilapia, catfish, and mujahir fish.Each sample was taken as many as 5 samples.The total fish samples taken were 100 consumption fish.Consumed fish samples were put into plastic bags that had been given water and oxygen to be taken to the laboratory.

Tools And Materials
The tools used for this study were scales, microscopes, object glass, cover glass, petri dishes, anatomical tweezers, Cirurgis tweezers, scalpels and blades, scissors, cutting boards, and probes.The materials used are Physiological Nacl 0.85%, and consumed fish.

Fish Physical Examination
Physical examination of fish aims to determine the presence of ectoparasites infestation on the fins, gills, operculum and surface of the fish's body.Physical examination was carried out by observing the presence of ectoparasites from head to tail.

Collection of Gills, Fins and Digestive Organs of Fish
Consumption fish to be identified, first weighed.The next step is to make an incision in the fish.The incision in fish is done on the ventral side of the fish, starting from the cloaca area to the anterior area of the fish.The anterior area of the fish is the operculum.The goal is to investigated the gill organs of fish.Fish gills were placed in a petri dish containing 0.85% physiological NaCl.The organ is stored in the refrigerator with a temperature of 4º C for 2-3 hours.The goal is that the parasitic worms can relax and release their hooks from the fish gills [1,8].
Fish digestive organs removed and sliced.The next stage was put into a petri dish containing 0.85% physiological NaCl and let stand for 30 minutes.The goal is for parasitic worms to release their hooks from the digestive organs.The parasitic worms found were placed on top of the object glass and covered with a cover glass.Fish fins are taken by cutting using scissors.Fish fins are placed on a glass object and dripped with 0.85% physiological NaCl, then covered with a cover glass [1,9].

Identification of Parasitic Worms
Examination of parasitic worms in the organs of the gills, fins and digestive organs is carried out by placing samples of organs and parasitic worms on a glass object and examining them under a microscope.Identification based on morphology with reference to [9,10].

Data Analysis
Data obtained from identification results were analyzed quantitatively using prevalence and described.
The prevalence formula is:

Result and Discussion
Physical examination on the outside of the fish body including eyes, fins, scales and operculum did not show any ectoparasites.This can be seen from the absence of excessive mucus in fish examined on the body surface.Physical examination of the gills showed that some tilapia and goldfish gills looked slightly pale.Fish infested with ectoparasites will physically show clinical symptoms in the form of excessive mucus production, open operculum and pale eyes [7].The prevalence of parasitic infection in consuming fish in several Bogor City fish markets is 22%.This prevalence criterion is included in the category of "Often".According to [11], the prevalence of 10-29% infection is included in the "Often" category of infection.The prevalence of parasitic infections is strongly influenced by fish size, seasonal changes and fish farming activities.fish age and size.The prevalence of parasitic infections is different for each type of fish and fish size.
The highest prevalence of parasitic infection in consumption fish was found at Gunung Batu Market and Merdeka Market, namely 30% and the lowest prevalence was Yasmin Market, 10%.Gunung Batu Market and Merdeka Market are located close to ± 2.2 km and in the same direction.It is possible that the consumption fish are supplied by the same fish farmers or fish farmers who cultivate fish in adjacent areas.This results in the transmission of parasitic worm infections very easily.This opinion is in accordance with [8] which states that ectoparasites are easily transmitted in fish farming.Other factors, high fish density and water quality greatly affect the transmission of ectoparasites in fish.The results of the identification of parasites in the organs of consuming fish are cestode worms and Monogenea Trematodes (Table 2).The Monogenea Trematodes identified were Dactylogyrus sp, and Gyrodactylus sp.The cestode worm identified was Ligula intestinal.Cestoda worms are found in the intestinal organs of fish.Dactylogyrus sp, and Gyrodactylus sp were found in the gill organs.Dactylogyrus sp was found in the gills of goldfish, while Gyrodactylus sp was found in mujair fish.
The results of the identification of Dactylogyrus sp in consuming fish are having an elongated body shape and four protrusions on the anterior and four eye spots.The results of this identification are in accordance with the results of a study conducted by [12] which stated that Dactylogyrus sp has a dorsoventral, elongated and bilaterally symmetrical body shape.The anterior part of the body contains the prohaptor which is a four-lobed (4-lobed) sucker and four eye spots.This tool serves to stick or move on the surface of the fish's body and a tool to suck food obtained from the host it is on.The posterior part of the fish's body has an opisthaptor with a pair of median hooks and 14 marginal hooks [4].
Dactylogyrus sp is an ectoparasite in fish.These ectoparasites are mostly found in the gills, but can also be found in the skin and fins of fish.Gills in fish function as respiratory organs and direct contact with the environment.This causes the gills to be very susceptible to infection with pathogenic organisms such as ectoparasites.Fish that are attacked by Dactylogyrus sp show symptoms such as difficulty swimming, weakness, do not like to move because their breathing is disturbed, slimy and pale mucosa.Dactylogyrus sp infestation in fish will stimulate excessive mucus secretion.High intensity infestations can cause fish to experience bleeding at the gills [12,13].The life cycle of Dactylogyrus sp is ovivar.Adult Dactylogyrus sp will produce many eggs to the bottom of the water.The eggs then develop into larvae and move freely in search of a definitive host for development.High environmental temperatures will support the faster breeding of Dactylogyrus sp [1].
The identification results of Gyrodactylus sp are that it has an elongated body shape, without eye spots and the posterior part has a pair of hooks.The results of this identification are in accordance with research conducted by [14,15], Gyrodactylus sp has an elongated and dorsoventral body shape, measuring 0.2-0.5 mm.do not have eye spots, there are two protrusions on the anterior.The posterior part of the body contains the opisthaptor.Opishaptor has a pair of hooks surrounded by 16 marginal hooks.These worms can infest the surface of the fish's body, especially on the skin and fins, but can be found on the gills.Fish infested with trematode monogea experienced gill epithelial hyperplasia and proliferation.Clinical symptoms of Gyrodactylus sp are the presence of excessive mucus on the fish's body, the skin peels off, the fish looks limp, the fish swim near the surface and the fins are closed, and the gills are pale [12].
The results of the identification of cestode worms in consuming fish are Ligula intestinal worms.This worm has a segmented and long body shape.These findings are in accordance with research conducted by [16], which stated that this worm belongs to the Diphyllobothridea family.The results of the investigation showed that the length of this worm was around 6-12 cm.Ligula intestinal worms found in fish and birds can reach up to 1 m in length.This fish can grow up to a third of the host's total body weight.Fish infected with this cestode worm will experience slow movement, gonadal atrophy, stomach enlargement and can cause death.This worm is known as the "belt worm" [17].
Ligula intestinal is a cestode worm whose habitat is in the intestines of fish.The predisposing factors for worm infection are environmental factors and the host's immune system.Heavy infection of these worms can cause death.This worm is a threat to fish farming.Ligula intestinal infection will decrease with increasing age of fish [18].Ligula intestinalis frequently infects small fish, although it commonly infects fish of the Cyprinidae family.Several studies have found that this worm can also infect various types of freshwater fish, fish from the Catostomidae, Salmonidae or Galaxiidae families [19].Freshwater fish act as the second intermediate host.The Ligula intestinalis have a complex life cycle.Its life cycle requires two aquatic intermediate hosts and fish-eating birds as the final host.Ligula intestinal life cycle begins in the last host.Ligula intestinal will reach sexual maturity and produce eggs in the intestinal tract of the final host.Eggs will be released along with feces from fish-eating birds to aquatic ecosystems.These eggs will hatch and become free larvae in aquatic ecosystems.The larvae are eaten by the first intermediate host, a planktonic copepod.These larvae will become small larvae, which are called procercoid.The next cycle will occur when the second intermediate host, usually a cyprinid fish, ingests a copepod infected with procercoid.Procercoid larvae will develop in the body cavity of the fish to become large larvae called plerocercoid.The life cycle is complete when fish with developed plerocercoids are eaten by birds [21,17].
The distribution of parasitic in consumption fish showed that cestodes worms were commonly found in carp at the Gunung Batu fish market, Padjajaran market and Bogor market.The distribution of Dactylogyrus sp was found in the fish market at Pasar Merdeka and Pasar Yasmin.The distribution of Gyrodactylus sp was found in the fish market at Gunung Batu Market, Merdeka Market and Yasmin Market.Dactylogyrus sp and Gyrodactylus sp infestations were found in mujahir fish [15].Ligula intestinal infestation is often found in goldfish [19].Based on tables 4 and 5, it shows that there is a relationship between body weight and parasitic infections in goldfish and mujair fish.Goldfish with a larger body weight, namely 241-260 grams, are at risk of parasitic infections compared to those with a body weight of 200-220 grams.Mujair fish with a body weight of 171-180 grams are at high risk compared to the weight below, which is 161-170 grams.This is in accordance with the opinion [1] which states that infestations of Trematode Monogea are not pathogenic, so they do not affect weight loss, even at high infestations.This is different from worm infection of Ligula intestinalis.These worms take nutrients in the fish's body, so the fish experience weight loss [17].Dactylogyrus sp infestation was higher than Gyrodactylus sp in consuming fish at the Bogor City fish market.Consumption fish sold in fish markets are placed in narrow containers with tight fish density and poor water quality, allowing ectoparasites to easily multiply and spread to other fish.This is in accordance with the opinion [21] which states that Dactylogyrus sp can live and reproduce rapidly at optimal temperatures of 24-280 C, poor water the effect of fish density, and stress.The higher the density of fish, the higher the infection of Dactylogyrus sp.

Conclusion
From this study it can be concluded that the parasitic that infect consumption fish at the fish market in Bogor City are Cestodes worm is Ligula intestinalis and Trematoda subclass Monogea is Dactylogyrus sp and Gyrodactylus sp.The prevalence of parasitic worm infections is included in the frequent category, namely 22%.The types of fish infected by this parasitic worm are goldfish and mujair fish.

Table 1 .
Prevalence of parasitic worms in consumption fish at several fish markets in Bogor City

Table 2 .
Types of parasitic found in the organs of fish consumed

Table 3 .
Distribution of parasites in consumption fish in several fish markets in Bogor City

Table 4 .
Relationship between body weight and types of parasites that infected goldfish

Table 5 .
Relationship between body weight and parasitic species that infected mujair fish