Exploration of The Eco-Agro Tourism Perception as a New Environmental Paradigm Among The Urban Community in Tourism Village in Bogor City

. The concept of eco-agrotourism is a new paradigm in managing tourist villages in Bogor City. Community perceptions about tourist villages are important to know to increase community participation and sustain the management of tourist villages. The research aims to analyze the potential of tourism resources, analyze community perceptions of the benefits of eco-agrotourism management, and analyze people's perceptions of the impact of eco-agrotourism activities. The research was conducted in three tourist villages in Bogor City which represented dominant agricultural conditions, namely Saung Eling, Mulyaharja, and Rancamaya Tourism Villages. Primary data was collected by distributing questionnaires to community respondents and analyzed descriptively, as well as by using the Kruskal Wallis test. The research results show that people have high hopes for improving social and cultural life. The actual condition of tourism management shows that tourism management still needs to be improved so that economic improvement can be felt by the people in tourist villages. The development of eco-agrotourism needs to combine the potential of agricultural areas with cultural potential. Positive community’s perception can be increased by tourism management which can increase community participation and income.


Background
Eco-agrotourism is an ecotourism concept developed in agricultural areas so that agricultural land is not only a provider of food commodities but also for enjoyment and appreciation of the natural and cultural environment, ecological sustainability, economic development, and promoting the culture of local communities.The development of ecoagrotourism is an ecotourism concept that will have an impact on various aspects of people's lives, especially in rural communities.Specific discussion regarding eco-agrotourism is still limited.The use of agro ecotourism terminology as a modern ecotourism concept with tourism activities on agricultural land found in rural areas by integrating various agricultural components such as organic farming, integrated farming systems, and others [1].The concept of ecotourism is one of the strategies to link tourism with services, products, and experiences to increase satisfaction for farmers and tourists which has an impact on food security.
In many references, agrotourism is used as a common terminology and much research has been carried out.Agrotourism is a form of tourism for visitors who not only travel but also learn about agriculture or plantations and the products therein.This form of tourism is part of tourism development which provides opportunities for farmers to diversify and generate additional income [2,3].Agrotourism also provides opportunities for rural areas to invest in and improve food systems which in turn improves the economic and environmental welfare of the region [4,5,1].With these benefits, agrotourism activities are considered sustainable tourism which is important in the tourism sector in developed and developing countries [5,2,6,7,1,8].
The development of eco-agrotourism has great potential to be implemented in Bogor City.This city, which is close to the country's capital, continues to innovate in the aspect of developing tourist destinations by providing various alternative tourist attractions.One of them is by establishing a thematic tourist village.The tourist village was formed based on the Decree of the Mayor of Bogor, West Java Province Number 556/Kep.97-Disparbud/2022dated March 18 2022 concerning the Determination of Tourist Villages.The tourist villages based on the decree mentioned above are spread across six sub-districts in Bogor City.Tourist villages with dominant agricultural conditions are Saung Eling, Mulyaharja, and Rancamaya Tourism Villages.
Empowering local communities is an important principle in ecotourism development [9].Community involvement in the development of eco-agrotourism in the three potential agro-tourism villages is important to recognize as a new paradigm in sustainable ecotourism development.

Research Purposes
The aims of the research are 1) analysis of potential tourism resources, 2) analysis of people's perceptions of the benefits of eco-agrotourism management, and 3) analysis of people's perceptions of the impact of eco-agrotourism activities.The research was conducted in the period February-April 2023.Primary data was collected through questionnaires from community respondents who were selected using purposive sampling.This technique is a sampling technique with certain considerations [10].Respondent criteria are people involved in tourism management, both active and passive participants.The questionnaire was designed according to the one-score-one indicator scoring system method [11] and was made in the form of closed questions (close-ended).

Research Methods
Each answer to a question in the questionnaire is given a score of 1-7 to assess qualitative data and to make it easier for respondents to provide appropriate answers.Scores 1-7 represent the following conditions: 1) strongly disagree, 2) disagree, 3) somewhat disagree, 4) neither, 5) somewhat agree, 6) agree, and 7) strongly agree.The total number of respondents who collected as many as 130 respondents.
In the next stage, the data were analyzed descriptively and used statistical tests.The descriptive analysis uses a spider diagram to see a better picture of the condition of each parameter.The Kruskall-Wallis test was used to see the similarities in respondents' perceptions regarding the expectations and impacts of tourism management at the research location.

Result and Discussion
The existence of potential resources in an area can be developed so that the development of eco-agrotourism provides benefits to the people who live in it.Resources are an important part of developing ecotourism including agrotourism [12].
Potential of tourist villages developed as tourist attractions The potential resources found in tourist villages must be developed as tourist attractions.Figure 1 shows the potential resources in tourist villages At the three research locations, there are various potential natural and cultural resources that can be developed for tourism.The highest score for natural resources developed in the three research locations is agricultural/plantation land, while the highest score for cultural resources developed is the daily life of the community.
The agricultural sector is still a mainstay for supporting the community's economy.Agricultural land dominates community land use.Saung Eling has large agricultural land, and most of the people of Kampung Saung Eling work as farmers.In addition, animal husbandry is also one of the potentials utilized by the community for the economy.Mulyaharja Village has a rice field landscape with views of Mount Salak.The terraced farming system that forms rice fields has a high attraction for tourists and is even said to be similar to the area in Ubud (Bali).Land use in Rancamaya Village is dominated by mixed gardens.Famous agricultural products are durian and bananas.The diversity of durian types in Kampung Rancamaya has caused this area to be known as Kampung Durian Rancamaya.There are various types of durian produced, such musanking, local durian, sun durian matahari, and durian wajit.Residents plant durian trees in their gardens, yards, and along the side of the road.The banana plant is a complementary plant that people usually plant on the edge of rice fields/gardens or special land for growing bananas.Figure 2 shows an overview of agricultural land at the research location.The daily life of the community members is still dominated by the culture of an agrarian society.Farming, gardening, and raising livestock activities are easy to find.Residents' activities related to agriculture are also widely developed.Saung Eling Tourism Village was developed permaculture.Activities that can be carried out in the Mulayaharja Tourism Village are the activities of processing biogas from livestock manure, processing compost, learning to manage waste with the 3R system (Reduce, Recycle, Reuse), using yards for food security, handling household waste, cultivating catfish, and farming organic.Agricultural activities that can be found in Rancamaya Village are plowing rice fields, ngarambet (weeding of rice plants from weeds), planting talas and vegetables, caring for plants, and harvesting durian.Other activities that also enrich tourism potential are food processing (such as tempeh) and culinary tourism in the Saung Eling Tourism Village area which provides a variety of Sundanese dishes and drinks, and routine religious activities such as holding the Maulid Nabi and Rajaban events in Rancamaya Village.
Apart from agricultural land, the three tourist villages still have other natural potentials that can be developed as tourist attractions.Hills and rivers are landscapes that provide many benefits for the people of Saung Eling.The hills in Saung Eling contain a diversity of flora that can be consumed by the community.In addition, the hilly landscape has a beautiful view.River water is clean and often used for everyday life, such as for washing clothes and kitchen utensils.There are springs, namely Kabuyutan and Kahirupan springs which have a high value for the community.The Kabuyutan spring is a very well-preserved spring and is only used for traditional ceremonies, while the Kahuripan spring is used to irrigate rice fields.River landscapes can also be found in Rancamaya Village, namely the presence of a tributary of the Cisadane River.The existence of the beauty of the landscape was also assessed by visitors as another interesting natural potential in the Benteng Village area which is developing agro-based ecotourism [13].
In addition to community life, another cultural potential that can be developed as a tourist attraction is arts and crafts.Arts that are still alive in the Mulyaharja Village community include traditional Jaipong dance, wayang golek, Bogor batik, and Sundanese music.The martial art of pencak silat is found in Mulyaharja and Rancamaya villages.

Community's perception in the context of the benefits of personal interests to be obtained
Communities develop their perceptions regarding the benefits that can be obtained, both personally and communally.  1 shows that the common perception of respondents in the three research locations is the personal benefit to be obtained, namely increasing foreign language skills (Asympt.Sig.> α = 5%).Nonetheless, the average score on this aspect is ≈ 4.This shows, that although an increase in foreign language skills is highly expected, this has not yet happened among the community.In addition, the personal benefits obtained by having a tourist village are mainly to be able to interact with other people from outside, increase new knowledge, and get the opportunity to run a tourism business (mean value ≈ 6).

Community's perception in the context of the communal benefits to be obtained
It is hoped that the existence of tourism management in the village will not only be beneficial for increasing the individual capacity of the community but will also be felt as a whole communally.Tables 2 and 3 show the test results for the similarity of respondents' perceptions in the three study locations.Table 2 shows that there is no similarity in the perceptions of respondents in the three research locations regarding the social benefits to be obtained (Asympt.Sig.< α = 5%).Nonetheless, the hope of getting to know each other better among community members, intensifying interaction between community members, and being more productive in doing business can be seen in the three tourist villages (mean value ≈ 6).  3 shows that there is no similarity in the perceptions of respondents in the three research locations regarding the social benefits they want to obtain (Asympt.Sig.< α = 5%).However, the hope of developing positive attitudes in interacting with other people and the interaction process generating creative ideas can be seen in the three tourist villages (mean value ≈ 6).The benefits of developing agrotourism from socio-cultural aspects and improving environmental quality are mentioned in research [14].

Actual conditions of tourism village management
Management of tourist villages is an important aspect to realize sustainable tourism development.In tourism activities, of course, it will have an impact both positively and negatively, including in three tourist village locations that represent more dominant agro commodities.4 shows that the impact of tourism management and activities has not had much impact on environmental quality.Respondents in the three locations did not have the same perception regarding environmental impacts in tourist villages (Asympt.Sig.< α = 5%).Nevertheless, the greatest common perception is environmental pollution due to tourism activities (Asympt.Sig.= 0.002), and the mean value ≈ 5 indicates the possibility of pollution in tourist villages.The environmental impact that can be seen from the management of tourism is that the physical quality of the environment is better and healthier for the community and the promotion of life in the village.It is hoped that the development of ecoagrotourism in the future will have an impact on environmental aspects.The development of agrotourism supports sustainable agriculture and is currently growing significantly without regard to regional boundaries [15].The development of agrotourism reflects farmers who are trying to provide education and motivation to tourists about agriculture [16].Another impact on the environment from ecotourism development is the protection of plant varieties which correlates with the preservation of the biodiversity of plant species [17,8].Table 5 shows that respondents in the three locations do not have the same perception regarding community participation in tourism management in tourist villages (Asympt.Sig.< α = 5%).However, the greatest similarity in perception is in participation as a tour guide/interpreter and accommodation provider (Asympt.Sig.= 0.001), and the mean value ≈ 6 indicates that the profession of guiding and establishing homestays can be seen to be developed by the community.The development of agrotourism cannot be separated from the participation of the community around the agrotourism area.Local communities play a major role in the success of agrotourism [18].Table 6 shows that respondents in the three locations have a strong similarity in perception regarding increased income derived from tourism activities (Asympt.Sig.> α = 5%).However, in reality, there was not a large increase in income obtained from tourism (mean <4).The value of income earned is around IDR 500,000.00 in one month and is only earned at certain times such as weekends or holidays.Many tourist visits still occur on weekends or holidays.These results indicate that tourism management and activities are still not able to generate a decent increase in additional income for the community.Developing tourist attractions in villages still requires greater efforts.
The low income earned by the community can have an impact due to the low level of community participation in tourism activities.The community considers that tourism activities have not been able to meet the demands of living expenses, so they prefer to work outside their village in order to be able to meet family needs.Community participation increases, so various positive impacts in the development of agrotourism can be felt.Agrotourism has provided benefits to people in Malaysia in economic and social aspects such as income diversification, job creation, and business opportunities.Therefore, agro-tourism in Malaysia has great potential to become one of the poverty alleviation initiatives if stakeholders implement the right approaches and policies.This study will help to understand the current scenario of agro-tourism so that it is hoped that it can become a basic guide in planning the development of agriculture-based tourism in the future [19].

Recommendation
The improvement in the community's economy obtained from tourism activities is the key for the community in three tourist villages in Bogor City, namely Mulyaharja, Saung Eling, and Rancamaya Tourism Villages, to participate more in the development of ecoagrotourism.The development of agrotourism must be able to create jobs because this business can absorb labor from rural communities so that it can withstand or reduce the current increasing flow of urbanization [20].Some of the benefits that can be obtained from agrotourism are preserving natural resources, preserving local technology, and increasing the income of farmers or communities around tourist locations.The development of agrotourism has had a positive impact in Kaligono Village, Kaligesing District, Purworejo Regency on the economic aspect.The development of agrotourism in Kaligono Village has increased farmers' income from selling agricultural products directly without incurring transportation costs for agricultural products to the market [21].
The development of agrotourism also shows that economic factors are significantly impacted and can be directly felt by village communities so that it can affect the average income of the community, even if rural agrotourism has developed it can affect the local income.The impact of agrotourism development in Kaligono Village can be seen from an economic perspective, namely increasing the income of farmers and the community and opening up employment opportunities [22].Facilitation and assistance from various stakeholders also need to be carried out so that eco-agrotourism development can be optimized in the three research locations.This facilitation is expected to improve the quality of human resources and strengthen the business orientation of agro-tourism business managers starting from farmers, agro-tourism entrepreneurs, household businesses, and small agro-industrial businesses.

Fig. 2 .
Fig. 2. Agricultural land: (a) Saung Eling Village, (b) Mulyaharja Village This research was conducted in Saung Eling Tourism Village, Ciharashas Mulyaharja Village, and Rancamaya Durian Village.These three tourist villages are located in Bogor City, which is part of the seven tourist villages that were confirmed by the Mayor of Bogor through Decree (SK) of the Mayor of Bogor, West Java Province Number 556/Kep.97-Disparbud/2022dated March 18 2022 concerning Village Determination Tourism in Bogor City.The three tourist village locations were chosen as research locations because they represent agricultural-based tourism development areas in Bogor City.

Table 1 .
Personal benefits to be achieved

Table 2 .
Expected social benefits

Table 4 .
Environmental Impact

Table 5 .
Level of community participation

Table 6 .
Additional income for the community