Synergetic effect from the reconstruction of residential facilities

. From the very first day (beginning) of operation, the processes of gradual reduction of the established parameters of functional quality of the living environment and the material shell of the architectural object are formed. The study aims to analyze the current factors influencing the appropriateness of the decision to reconstruct the residential environment and the peculiarities of the interaction of the “increased” quality of the residential object after its reconstruction with the surrounding space. Research methods include analysis, systematic approach, generalization of scientific works, practical developments to improve the functional quality of the living environment, and their synthesis using relevant and verified information materials. As a result of the conducted research, the main types (groups) of influence factors that determine the feasibility, as well as the quantitative and qualitative composition of measures within the framework of reconstruction, the conditions of efficiency of the corresponding construction production, as well as the criteria of the interaction of the “new quality” of the residential environment with the surrounding space of the object have been established. The study’s main conclusion is the assertion of the dependence of the quality of development and implementation of solutions on the systematic analysis of the causes and consequences of the reconstruction of the residential environment.


Introduction
From the first day (beginning) of operation, the gradual reduction of functional quality parameters of individual structural elements or architectural system of a residential object begins.Loss of functional quality is expressed in partial or complete loss of the completed construction of the object's ability to provide the established initially (design) modes and indicators of life processes [1,2].
Restoration of wholly or partially lost quality (with change or preservation of the original function) of architectural (construction) object of residential purpose employing its reconstruction becomes quite common, and, in some cases, a necessary task of architectural and construction (town-planning) activity, oriented on the satisfaction of corresponding public demands.
Figure 1 presents a generalized and enlarged scheme of the life cycle of an architectural (architectural and construction) residential object.It follows from the data shown in Figure 1 that reconstruction refers to a possible stage (period) of the life cycle of an architectural object or its separate structural element due to a significant deterioration of its properties and conditions (moral or physical deterioration), changes in the requirements for architectural and construction organization and functioning of the residential environment, social, economic and urban planning conditions.
In this paper, the term "reconstruction" refers to a type of architectural and construction (urban planning) activity that provides restoration of the lost quality of the housing stock (house, building, complex) caused by unsatisfactory or unsuitable for life technical (physical) or moral (artistic and aesthetic) condition of architectural and construction structures, engineering systems (equipment) and links with other urban elements and the environment.The reconstruction of residential objects is one of the possible formats and ways to create an established, necessary, or prospective quality of residential environment.Identifying conditions necessary and/or sufficient for reconstructing residential formations in some existing urban planning situations is a complex multi-factor task [3][4][5].
Residential formations (complexes, districts, neighborhoods, individual objects) directly result from architectural and construction (urban planning) organization of accessible space -in specific natural-climatic, geographical, urban planning, and socio-economic conditions.The efficiency and quality of the developed and implemented design (architectural and construction, structural, organizational and technological, artistic and aesthetic) solutions are directly reflected in the residential objects, quality indicators, and the state of the residential environment.
Urban planning factors (functional purpose, location, density, and capitalization of the building) characterize architectural and planning solutions, composition, and scale of residential formation (living space).
Socio-economic factors affect the composition of the residential environment, considering the formation of a set of needs displayed through qualitative and quantitative indicators of public requests for life support and opportunities for their satisfaction.
In the process of its functioning (operation), residential formations are subjected to constant, numerous, and diverse impacts of natural-climatic, anthropogenic, and socio-cultural factors, which, with a certain regularity, lead to partial or complete loss of the original (established) level of quality of life.
This feature of the organization and functioning of the residential environment is characteristic of modern urban and rural settlement systems.Figure 4 shows the structure of factors influencing the formation of conditions for partial or complete loss of the original quality of residential formations as construction objects In turn, the formation of conditions, properties, and states of partial or complete loss of the original quality of residential formations can lead to an increase in environmental and socio-economic load on other elements of the settlement system (artificial environment) and/or the surrounding natural landscape (natural environment).
Thus, the restoration of the quality of architectural and construction objects of residential purpose lost in the process of functioning (operation) becomes a complex task, the solution of which contributes, on the one hand, to ensuring the established level of life activity indicators, and, on the other hand, contributes to achieving a synergetic effect from the development of urban or rural areas, the way to achieve a balance of functional saturation of available space.

Materials and methods
The application of an integrated and systematic approach to the issues of substantiation (detection, identification, prediction of consequences) of the need to improve the quality indicators of residential formations, the development of design solutions for reconstruction, manufacturability of manufacturing, construction, and operation of objects of the residential environment contributes not only to the restoration of partially or wholly lost quality of the object itself, but also to the formation of additional (synergetic) effect of tangible and intangible properties from the measures taken.Figure 5 shows an example of an integrated and systematic approach to developing measures for reconstructing a residential facility characterized by unsatisfactory technical conditions (see Figure 3).Figure 6 presents an analysis of the dynamics of manifestation, elimination (paring), and accumulation of defects of structural elements, which led to partial loss of the original quality of the residential object shown in Figure 2a.
The system approach to the analysis of the quantitative and qualitative composition of defects of the considered object, conditions, and consequences of their manifestations and opportunities for elimination contributed to the formation of an adequate set of measures for its reconstruction, including: innovative technology of strengthening the bearing capacity of masonry material of masonry external walls with the use of composite materials; -organizational and technological sequence of production of construction processes without displacement of house residents; -significant improvement in energy efficiency and thermal protection.The above examples of reconstruction of residential objects characterize the achieved result in the form of improved quality indicators of the residential environment as a systematic approach to reconstruction, aimed, on the one hand, at identifying the maximum possible number of negative factors, but on the other hand, at developing such a format of reconstruction, which is focused on the solution of direct, related or even fundamentally not solved issues.The concept of system (complex) quality assessment of justification development of ways to implement reconstruction measures implies the use of methods and techniques of system analysis of complex phenomena, processes, structures, and their states for assessing and managing processes [10,11].
For a systems engineering understanding of the nature and consequences of manifestation, negative factors are categorized into major groups of factors external and internal to the reconstruction object: reconstruction object (residential formation); -technology of construction works and processes within the framework of reconstruction; composition and qualification of construction personnel carrying out construction processes; composition and condition of construction machines and mechanisms; -conditions of technical support and maintenance of construction machines and mechanisms; -reconstruction organization; -reconstruction management; -peculiarities of properties and states of the natural environment; -peculiarities of properties and states of the artificial environment.The total number of separate negative factors for each of the groups accepted for consideration is quite large, and their number will only grow over time, simultaneously with the increase in the physical volumes of residential objects characterized by the state of partial or complete loss of quality.
In the adopted formulation of the analysis, a residential object's reconstruction is considered a complex polyergatic, hierarchical system, which is formed by a set of subsystems (systems, elements).Each of such subsystems can also be considered an independent research object.One of the characteristic features of the hierarchy of structural elements is the sequence of the main stages of the reconstruction life cycle: "stage of identification of reasons and justification of reconstruction" → "stage of development of pre-project proposals and surveys" → "stage of development of design solutions" → "stage of practical implementation of design solutions" → "stage of operation of the reconstructed object" The sequence and composition of decisions for each of the given stages of reconstruction depends on the level of elaboration of decisions and tasks of the previous stages and, in turn, is the rationale for making decisions at subsequent stages.An established system of absolute and relative indicators determines the quality of analysis and development of solutions.
For example, at the stage of "identification of causes and justification of reconstruction," it is envisaged to analyze the quantitative and qualitative composition of negative factors (defects and damages of building structures that determine physical deterioration), conditions, and intensity of their manifestations (see Figure 6).The absolute indicators of negative factors include the number of defects and damages, the number of building structures with defects and damages, and physical deterioration (as an assessment of the condition) of the building structure.The relative indicators of the manifestation of negative factors include the density of distribution of defects and damages by the number of building structures and the distribution of physical deterioration by structural elements of the architectural system (foundations, bearing part, enclosing part).
Each stage of reconstruction is characterized by an individual composition of absolute and relative indicators, which best reflect the state and properties of the reconstruction system just for the considered analysis stage.For example, for the stage of "practical implementation of design solutions," absolute and relative indicators characterizing the manufacturability of production of construction processes are of primary importance, and for the stage of "operation of the reconstructed object," absolute and relative indicators characterizing the economic and resource efficiency of ensuring the conditions of comfort and safety of life processes acquire importance [12,13].
Absolute and relative indicators, characterizing the final stage of the life cycle of reconstruction of a residential object, are different from the indicators of the initial stages but are connected with them by stable links of different nature, which are established employing correlation techniques.

Results
The system approach to assessing the quality of reconstruction involves the analysis of design, organizational, and managerial decisions in the structural and progressive relationship of the stages of reconstruction planned for development and implementation.It is displayed in the format of an appropriate calculation-theoretical model of the causes and consequences of the reconstruction of the residential object.
The concept of formation of synergetic effect from the reconstruction of a residential object implies the formation of local quality indicators (LQI) for each of the stages of the complex of reconstruction measures: for the "pre-project proposals and surveys" stage: . where: LQI PPS -an indicator of the effectiveness of measures at the stage of pre-project proposals and surveys; p i -absolute performance indicator; v i -significance of the absolute performance indicator; n -the number of absolute indicators considered; P j -relative performance indicator; V j -significance of the relative performance indicator; k -the number of the relative indicators.
for the "design solutions development" stage: .
where: LQI DDS -indicator of the effectiveness of measures at the stage of development of design solutions.
for the stage of "practical implementation of design solutions (construction)": .
where: LPC DDS(c) -indicator of the effectiveness of measures at the stage of practical implementation of design solutions (construction).
for the "operation of the reconstructed facility" stage: . where: LPC OR -indicator of measures' effectiveness at the reconstructed facility's operational stage.Parameters of the form: p i , v i , n, P j , V j , k, which are included in the analytical dependencies (2)÷ (4), have the same physical meaning as the parameters included in the analytical dependency (1).
A type dependence characterizes the synergetic effect from the reconstruction of a residential object: where: SE RR -the synergetic effect of a complex of measures for the reconstruction of a residential facility; γ PPS, γ DDS, γ DDS(c), γ O -the significance of each of the stages of the complex of measures for the reconstruction of a residential facility.
Quantitative values of the significance (parameters of the type v i and V j ) of absolute and relative local quality indicators, as well as the significance of each of the stages (parameters of the type γ PPS, γ DDS, γ DDS(c), γ O ) of the complex of measures for the reconstruction of a residential facility are determined in the following ways: through the processing of statistical information for reconstructed and authorized residential facilities; -through mathematical (numerical or numerical-analytical) modeling of processes, phenomena, states, and events, including various conditions of manifestation of negative factors and consequences of their manifestations; -through adapting the values of indicators that are known from the results of practical implementation of solutions for similar design and construction conditions; -through the use of expert assessments; -through directive adoption of indicator values justified by technical, economic, social, or other reasons.
The qualitative and quantitative composition of absolute and relative indicators may include both the current system of indicators (technical and economic indicators) and other indicators, which more accurately characterize the features of the initial and/or projected properties, states, processes, and characteristics of this particular residential object.

Discussion
Achieving a "new" or "increased" level of quality of the reconstructed residential environment (in comparison with the initial one at the beginning of reconstruction) allows not only to improve the quality-of-life processes.However, it is also quite capable of activating the processes of economic, social, or community development, with the formation of a synergetic effect from the reconstruction of the object.
It is advisable to analyze the issues related to improving the functional quality of the residential object (to solve the local urban planning problem) based on analyzing the state and prospects of development of the general urban planning situation (Figure 8).This approach allows, even on the scale of reconstruction of a single residential unit, to justify the development of various and diverse areas of practical and theoretical activities, including those not directly related to architectural and construction (urban planning) techniques, to improve the quality of the urban environment.
The objects of reconstruction of the urban environment for residential purposes can be considered in this context as a constantly functioning experimental environment, suitable for testing innovative building materials and structures, progressive techniques and methods of construction of buildings, including in difficult urban planning conditions, as well as a resource of traditions and continuity of traditions in the organization of the residential environment.

Conclusion
1. Residential redevelopment sites form a visible and significant part of modern settlement systems' urban and/or rural environment.The formation of properties and states of residential objects is a consequence of the complex impact of negative factors (urban planning, natural-climatic, operational, economic) or changes in public demands to the quality of the residential environment.
2. The hypothesis of complex but differentiated by the significance of the consequences of the form of impacts of negative influencing factors, which lead to the need or feasibility of production of reconstruction of residential education, implies an adequate, integrated, and systematic approach to the proposal, design and practical implementation of measures on the scale of reconstruction.
3. The proposed theoretical model is focused on analyzing numerous and diverse aspects that allow for the realization of the established (projected) increase in the quality of the residential environment of reconstruction objects.The analysis of conditions and opportunities to improve the quality of the residential environment provides a quantitative analysis of local quality indicators characteristic of each of the stages of reconstruction.
4. The proposed approach to the analysis of the peculiarities of the state of the residential object (primarily physical and moral deterioration) and the conditions of its reconstruction contributes to the formation of opportunities for a significant and positive synergistic effect on the urban environment.

Fig. 1 .
Fig. 1.Life cycle of an architectural (architectural and construction) residential object: -mandatory stages (or periods) of the life cycle are highlighted in the diagram with a solid line; -possible stages (or periods) of the life cycle are highlighted in the diagram with a dotted line.

Figures 2 ,Fig. 2 .Fig. 3 .
Fig. 2. Examples of architectural examples of urban settlement systems that require improvements in the quality of the living environment: a) city of Donskoy, Tula region [6]; b) city of Penza, Penza region [7].

Fig. 4 .
Fig. 4. Structure of influence factors that lead to partial or complete loss of the original quality of residential formations

Fig. 5 .
Fig. 5.An example of a systematic approach to the development of measures to improve the quality of the living environment [8]: a) project proposals: innovative architectural system; b) project proposals: technological design elements; c) innovative technology for the construction of internal (load-bearing) structures; d) innovative technology for the construction of external (enclosing) structures.

Fig. 6 .
Fig. 6.Dynamics of manifestation, elimination (parry), and accumulation of defects in structural elements of residential buildings

Figure 7
Figure 7 presents design proposals for reconstructing a residential facility to improve the artistic-aesthetic and ergonomic indicators of the residential environment with minimal physical defects.

Fig. 8 .
Fig. 8. Algorithm for the formation of reconstruction of residential environment as part of a holistic and integrated urban planning program