Sustainable Energy: reproductive aspects

. The article draws attention to the reproductive aspects of household participation in the implementation of a sustainable economy and sustainable energy, which have been actively studied in recent years. The author examined the main ways households can participate in the development of sustainable energy. It has been established that household participation in sustainable energy depends on many factors, which are classified into exogenous (main and secondary) and endogenous (main and auxiliary). Indicators are proposed to measure the total amount of energy generated in a household and the secondary (re)consumption of generated energy. According to the author, the creation of technological infrastructure within the framework of nature-like technologies will increase the share of households’ contribution to ensuring the reproduction of sustainable energy energy.


Introduction
In recent years, almost all countries of the world have been addressing the issues of ensuring the development of sustainable energy, which should definitely ensure the stable existence and development of not only individual countries, but also the entire civilization.A large number of domestic and foreign researchers representing various scientific organizations and schools are turning to uncover the essence of sustainable energy.Among them, we can highlight the classic institutional position of the IEA that sustainable energy is energy that takes into account the balance between energy security, economic development and environmental protection [1].Greene D.L defines energy sustainability as ensuring that future generations have energy resources that will allow them to achieve a level of well-being at least equal to that of the current generation [2].Certain features of sustainable energy are discussed in the work of Charles F. Kutscher, Jana B. Milford [3].
To summarize, based on these research approaches, it can be determined that sustainable energy is a simple reproductive process of changes in the generation and use of total energy.An analysis of Marx's theory of reproduction from modern points of view was carried out by Brennan D.M. and others [4].The reproduction process affects all areas and resources of the national economy, including the development of sustainable energy.This means that for the future development of civilization, expanded reproduction of energy is necessary, which makes it possible to satisfy the uplifting needs of society's actors for energy of various types.
The basis for expanded reproduction of energy and expanded energy consumption is the growing needs of firms, organizations, government institutions, including households and individual family members.
In such conditions, it is very important to search for new potential reserves for the development of sustainable energy, including energy production and optimization of its consumption in households

Approaches to problem solving
In modern conditions, in ensuring sustainable energy, the main emphasis is on using the potential of enterprises in different industries and fields of activity in rationalizing the generation and use of energy resources.And the contribution of households to the implementation of sustainable energy, in particular in the expanded reproduction of various types of energy, has been almost not studied.This is despite the fact that the share of households in electricity consumption is developing dynamically.In the world, according to Wouter Biesiot and Klaas Jan Noorman, household energy consumption in total consumption ranges from 15% to 20% [5] In 2017 in Russia, this share was 20.9%, and the share in the consumption of fuel and energy resources was 34.1% [6].Electrical energy consumption per capita in 2013 was 7350.3 kWh, and in 2021 -7783.6 kWh.
Compared to the 2010 census, the share of households in 2020 provided with electricity increased from 97 to 99%, according to Rosstat census data.In addition, the proportion of the population using stove heating in their homes has decreased -from 15 to 10% [7].
Accordingly, the formation and development of sustainable energy may depend on the rational and irrational energy-saving behavior of households.This has been highlighted in a number of studies.In particular, we can highlight the works of Mingyu Lei, Qun Ding, Wenjia Cai, Can Wang [8], Joseph Elasu, Joseph M Ntayi and others [9].Baddeley M.'s work explores behavioral ideas relevant to the development of policies that promote efficient energy consumption in homes [10].
Overall, it should be noted that the results of numerous studies have important implications for considering individual aspects of household participation in sustainable energy.
The methodology of this study is based on the use of such methods and approaches as a hypothetical approach, abstraction, generalization and comparison of static materials and data from research results of domestic and foreign scientists, some results of a sociological survey, and data from government institutions.

Main part
To analyze the contribution of households to the development of sustainable energy, it is proposed to identify the following components: 1. Participation of households in generating energy and ensuring renewable energy at home to the fullest extent possible.In particular, this refers to microgeneration in the form of the availability of opportunities for the production and use of solar energy in the process of running a household.It is also possible to highlight the potential for accumulating previously used energy and creating conditions for its consumption.
2. Primary and secondary (re-) energy consumption based on the use of energy-efficient and energy-saving technologies and energy-receiving devices and technical devices, which is of great importance for reducing energy consumption at the global level.
3. Creation of infrastructure conditions for energy generation and consumption.In particular, conditions for equal and safe access of households to energy resources and decarbonization of energy saving.
4. Resource support for the quality of life of household members.Each part of household participation in sustainable energy depends on a variety of factors that can be classified into external and internal.External factors are associated with the consideration and analysis of the connection between behavior and the environment of the household; internal factors are the internal motives of behavior based on the individual needs of each member of the household (Table 1).

Source: Author's proposal
For each factor influencing the behavior of households in the development of sustainable energy, specific examples from real life and achievements of scientific and technological progress can be provided.
In particular, it is especially necessary to pay attention to the condition of residential buildings, the improvement of which will primarily influence the behavior of households in energy saving and reducing carbon dioxide emissions within the framework of sustainable energy policies.According to some estimates, the residential sector accounts for approximately 27 and 17% of global energy consumption and CO 2 emissions, respectively [11].
According to the State Statistics Committee in Russia, in recent years there has been an improvement in the housing stock (Table 2) [12], which will make it possible to pursue an energy efficient policy at the household level Clearly, dissatisfaction with housing conditions does not allow households to pay attention to the need to comply with the principles of sustainable energy development.According to Rosstat, more than 29% of Russians live in private houses, and also live in dachas and summer cottages.This is a great potential for the development of sustainable energy, since households, as a rule, treat the generation and consumption of energy more economically and responsibly than residents of multi-apartment residential buildings.
The most important potential for the development of sustainable energy is the creation of conditions for taking advantage of the implementation of nature-like technologies.The impact of nature-like technologies on the natural environment is insignificant, which is very important in modern conditions of solving problems in the environmental sphere and decarbonization.
Nature-like technologies are based on artificially created "living" systems, that is, the accumulation and consumption of energy occurs similar to the actions of living organisms (people, plants, wildlife, etc.).A simple example would be storing heat in bedding for a certain period of time after sleep.Fabrics and other clothing materials that help retain heat are already being developed in the same direction.
Nature-like technologies for generating and consuming energy predetermine the development of the nature-like economy itself.Nature-like economics is a field of scientific and economic activity that considers the behavior of subjects of financial and economic activity in the production and consumption of various types and forms of energy reproduced using nature-like technologies [13].In a nature-like economy, economic conditions for the production and consumption of energy must be created through the use of technological systems that are analogues of energy reproduction by living organisms.
But, in modern conditions, the effective implementation of nature-like technologies in ensuring sustainable energy may be limited by the insufficient use of the Internet of Things, artificial intelligence and machine learning.

Conclusion
Households should take an active part in the implementation of the establishment and development of sustainable energy, both in the field of energy generation and in its consumption.Household participation in sustainable energy depends on many reasons, which are classified into exogenous (major and secondary) and endogenous (major and auxiliary).
The transition to sustainable energy, as well as solving the problems standing in its way, must be carried out taking into account the needs and capabilities of households in generating and consuming energy of all types.

Table 1 .
Factor analysis of the role of households in achieving sustainable energy

Table 2
Housing improvement (at the end of the year in percent)