Technology for the production of bionutrients based on a combination of activated coprolites and silatranes and evaluation of their effectiveness in the field

. The article presents the results of the development of technology and technological line for the production of bionutrients based on the processing of animal waste into coprolites and the use of cavitation to increase their biological efficiency. Cavitation makes it possible by physical action on long molecules of humic substances simultaneously with ultrasonic vibrations and pulsating ultrahigh pressure to ensure the crushing of humic substances into low molecular weight fragments, which increases their biological activity. The resulting product has been tested for effectiveness on sugar beet. A noticeable increase in resistance to climatic factors and an increase in yield while maintaining high food qualities is shown.


Introduction
The rational way of further development of agriculture is the transition to an intelligent farming system based on the biologization of crop production.One of the directions of plant biologization is the introduction of bionutrients into agricultural technologies, which, due to the activation of metabolic processes, enhance the immune status of plants and improve the absorption of nutrients, thereby reducing the need for chemical pesticides and mineral fertilizers with increasing resistance to climatic stresses.[1][2][3][4].Such substances are known and have long been used in agriculture in many countries [5][6][7][8].
Among the bionutrients, a group of substances of organic nature of natural origin stands out, called humates or humic substances -complex mixtures of high-molecular organic compounds of natural origin resistant to biodegradation.Along with this, coprolitesproducts of the vital activity of red Californian worms (Eisenia Foetida) -have been studied for many years and have found practical applications as bionutrients.At the same time, as a rule, three tasks are solved: environmentally friendly disposal of animal waste, the production of vermicompost and the production of unique feed additives for animals in the form of biomass of red California worms The purpose of the work: to develop a technology and a production line for the production of bionutrients based on the processing of animal waste into coprolites and the use of cavitation to increase their biological efficiency and to identify the effect of the resulting bionutrient on plant productivity using the example of sugar beet.

Main part 2.1 General idea of the concept
In the course of numerous laboratory and field experiments with humic substances of various origin, it was shown that humic substances of caprolites have a stimulating and adaptogenic effect at the cellular and subcellular levels [7][8][9][10].The value of caprolites lies in the fact that they contain concentrated doses of humates (humic acid salts), which serve as the basis of all biochemical processes occurring in the fertile soil layer.
The coprolites of worms of the natural population contain 11-15% of humus per dry substance.Due to the slime enveloping them, they are durable and the water does not wash them away, but only soaks and seeps further into the soil.Coprolites contain increased amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.Worms translate these elements necessary for plants from an inaccessible form to an accessible one.During the digestion of plant residues, humus substances are formed in the digestive tract of worms.They differ in chemical composition from humus formed in the soil with the participation of microflora by the fact that polymerization processes of low-molecular-weight decomposition products of organic substances develop in the digestive canal of worms and humic acid molecules are formed.These acids enter into complex compounds with the mineral components of the soil, forming stable aggregates that persist in the soil for a long time..However, many authors note the instability of the properties of caprolites biohumus: they reduce the effectiveness of their action in dry climates, at elevated temperatures [9][10][11].Taking into account the warming of the climate, such conditions are becoming the norm in many soil and climatic zones of the country, which means that plants will increasingly need stable stimulation and support of metabolic processes.
A possible reason for the instability of the effect from the use of humic bionutrients may be the ability of humic molecules to form stochastic, probabilistic mixtures of molecules whose sizes reach up to 500-1500 nm.If we proceed from the known pore sizes in the cell wall of roots and leaves of plants, which vary from 3.5 to 5.2 nm., then we can assume that with the length of molecules 5.3-6.4nm for fulvic acids and 9.4-10.7 nm for humic acids, and even longer conglomerates of their molecules, the transfer of these compounds to it is strongly obstructed on the cell walls (Fig. 1) [13].
For many years, this problem has been solved by combining chemical and physical effects on products containing humic substances: coal, peat, sapropel [5,7 ].A number of researchers have come to solve the problem of stabilizing the properties of humic substances by obtaining biohumus by accelerated biotechnological means in the process of processing organic animal waste by annelids into coprolites (biohumks) [12].But even this does not completely solve the problem of the dimensionality of humic substances.To organize the production of stable quality bionutrients without the use of chemical reagents, a proven technology and an appropriate processing line are needed, which can use local raw materials available in most regions and be reproduced in the conditions of both industrial production and agricultural enterprises.

Technological solutions
In order to solve this problem without chemical components and to ensure the guaranteed passage of most humic substances through the cell membrane, a method has been developed for obtaining bionutrients by biological processing of organic matter by annelid worms into biohumus and subsequent crushing of conglomerates of humic molecules of biohumus into low molecular weight fragments by physical action on them by ultrasonic vibrations or pulsating ultrahigh pressure in a hydrodynamic cavitator [13][14][15].
The technology of bioconversion of organic waste into biohumus (coprolites) is based on the nutritional activity of earthworms and is a kind of solid-phase fermentation, where the fermentable mass is a heterophase system of the type: solid phaseliquidgas Compost as a basis for the vital activity of earthworms is prepared by accelerated biotechnological processing of animal manure and other organic materials into the products of the vital activity of earthwormscoprolites.
The technological process begins with the fermentation of fresh manure, for which the manure is pre-laid in a fermenter or in burts.The substrate is prepared from a mixture of fermented manure, soil, straw cutting and, if necessary, with a small addition of lime flour to ensure the acidity of the medium within pH 6.5 ... 7.5.Conveyor belts are filled with substrate (Fig. 2), moistened by spraying water through nozzles to an optimal humidity of 70...80% and are inhabited by worms with a density of about 3-5 thousand individuals per 1 square meter.The best temperature for worm activity is 20...25 degrees Celsius.To maintain humidity, the contents of the trays should be periodically moistened.The substrate is covered with a cloth of breathable material.Nutrients are transferred by worms into coprolites -forms that are easily accessible to plants.Special glands of worms produce phytohormones, enzymes, vitamins, as well as biogenic calcium, which is not contained in compost.
Further, a colloidal suspension of crushed humates is produced from the biomass of coprolites during pulsed cavitation treatment.For this purpose, cavitation installations are sequentially included in the technological process: ultrasonic and hydrodynamic.
The operation of the ultrasonic reactor is based on the excitation of ultrasonic cavitation in a thin layer of the processed aqueous solution of vermicompost pumped through the reactor.An ultrasonic generator with a control unit is shown in Fig. 3.

Fig.3. Ultrasonic generator
From the ultrasonic generator, the voltage of the ultrasonic frequency is supplied to an ultrasonic transducer that converts the high-frequency voltage into mechanical vibrations of the ultrasonic frequency.
When the emitter oscillates with an ultrasonic frequency in the liquid medium of a solution of caprolites (btogumks) processed in the reactor, alternations of compressions and stretches occur, which create an additional pressure change in it relative to the constant static pressure in this medium.
As a result, an effect closely related to sound pressure is observed in an aqueous solution of vermicompost, called ultrasonic cavitation, which is understood as the formation of vaporgas (cavitation) cavities in a liquid medium in the phase of negative sound pressure of acoustic vibrations of ultrasonic frequency, followed by their slamming in the phase of positive sound pressure with the formation of shock waves.
At the first stage, the cavitation cavity expands from the initial vapor-gas embryo (always in large quantities in the liquid), due to a decrease in pressure (stretching phase) in the liquid when exposed to the negative phase of sound pressure.
This process is determined by the difference between the values of the variable sound pressure Rvv(t) and the constant static pressure Pct.
At the second stage, the process of slamming the formed cavitation cavity occurs under the influence of a positive phase of sound pressure (compression phase).This process is determined by the sum of the values of variable sound pressure and constant static pressure.
As a result, the process of closing the cavitation cavity occurs at a speed of movement of the cavity wall of about 250 m / sec.At the same time, the vapor-gas mixture, always located inside the cavity, is compressed under normal conditions to a pressure of 3000 atm., and the temperature inside the cavitation cavity reaches a value of 6000 deg.Kelvin.
At the third stage, the process of secondary expansion of the cavitation cavity begins due to the fact that the vapor-gas mixture compressed to several thousand atmospheres causes the cavitation cavity to rapidly expand at a speed of 250 m/sec.This stage can be identified with a point explosion.
In the process of cavitation treatment, the energy released during the collapse of cavitation bubbles is used to break chemical bonds between atoms of large molecules of humic compounds caused by the physical destruction of molecules and the ionization process.As a result of these processes, activated particles accumulate in the system: radicals, ions, ionradical formations [13][14][15].
At the next stage of the technological process, hydrodynamic cavitators of the type of rotary pulse apparatuses (Fig. 4) mainly realize hydrodynamic and acoustic effects in the liquid due to the developed turbulence, pulsations of pressure and fluid flow velocity, intense cavitation, shock waves and secondary nonlinear acoustic effects [15][16][17][18].The main factors determining the technological efficiency of hydrodynamic rotary cavitation-acoustic pumps are: high hydrodynamic gradients, high amplitude and high frequency pressure pulsation, the cavitation phenomenon itself and its accompanying effects.In addition, hydroacoustic rotary radiators have a significant pumping effect, which makes it possible to create energy-efficient technologies and obtain controlled operating modes without the use of back-up pumps.Cavitation created by hydrodynamic generation of intense acoustic waves is the main factor of high-potential energy impact on technological processes.The solution of vermicompost pumped by cavitation generators is at the same time a technological medium that perceives this effect.When an overpressure pulse propagates in the pump stator channel, a short-term low-pressure pulse occurs after it, inertial forces create tensile stresses in the liquid, which causes cavitation.The cavitation efficiency can be regulated by the rotor speed, changes in the static pressure in the stator chamber, the flow rate of the medium, the multiplicity of circulation, the temperature of the liquid and other methods.
The serial connection of two types of cavitation installations allowed to ensure high productivity and efficiency of the process.This allowed more than 40% of humic substances to be converted into sizes available for passage through cell membranes: less than 3 nm (Fig. 5)

Fig.5. Humates after crushing
Studies have shown that this made it possible to stably stimulate metabolic processes, and by preserving up to 60% of humic substances in the state of high-molecular groups, it was possible to preserve the effect of protecting the cell from xenobiotics and heavy metals [12].The general result of the described interactions of humic fertilizer substances with living cells is both the stimulation of competent genes responsible for growth processes and the release of energy, which, instead of being spent on compensating for adverse environmental influences, can be spent by the cell on growth and reproduction, which ultimately leads to an increase in the competitiveness of this organism.
As a result, humic substances of the new bionutrient stimulate biochemical processes during seed germination and root formation, which allows plants to form a powerful root system that goes deep into the soil layers, providing plants with additional moisture and nutrients, which is of great importance in conditions of arid climate and low soil productivity.
To enhance the effect, organoelement compounds -analogues of natural auxins and gibberlins (1-chloromethylsilatran and mival) were introduced into the bionutrient in micro quantities (1-5 grams per 1 liter and, accordingly, per 1 hectare), and extracts of natural auxins and gibberlins for biological farming conditions.Chemical name of the active substance: chloromethylsilatran and triethanolamine salt of ortho-cresoxyacetic acid.As research and practice have shown, due to the use of a new bionutrient, the rates of pesticide application, crop losses from drought are reduced, and the yield is guaranteed to increase.The research results indicated the presence of a high stimulating effect of humic substances on plant growth processes, especially in the initial phase of development [3,12].
For the practical realization of the possibilities of new bionutrients, a technology and a project of an experimental technological line for their production in industrial volumes have been developed.The production technology implemented in the agrocomplex of BIO-M CJSC in the Bryansk region provides for the preparation of raw materials from animal manure fermentation of organic substrate in accordance with the requirements of EC2092/91/EEC; production of biocompost; preparation of biocompost for processing.The chemical composition of the resulting bio nutrients is presented in Table .1

Bionutrient efficacy studies
Field trials of a new bionutrient with the symbol ABT-Plant as a bioregulator of plant growth and development and an anti-stress drug on sugar beet crops in the Belgorod region at the experimental sites of BelGAU.The experiments were carried out on crops of sugar beet hybrid LMS-94.Sugar beet hybrid was sown with a norm of 140 thousand seeds per hectare on April 29, and soybeans on May 7, 2006 with a norm of 700 thousand seeds per hectare.
The soil of the experimental site is a typical medium-sized leached chernozem, heavy loamy on loess-like loam.The humus content is 5.0%, P2O5 -25 mg, K2O -18 mg per 100 grams of dry soil, pH = 5.8, hydrolytic acidity -3.01 mg-eq.per 100 grams of soil, the sum of absorbed bases is 42.4 mg-eq.per 100 grams of soil.The predecessor of sugar beet was the sowing of winter wheat.
After harvesting the previous crop, the fields were loosened twice with an anti-erosion cultivator KPE-3.8 to a depth of 14-16 cm.In mid-October, the sugar beet was plowed with a plow PN-5-35 to a depth of 27-30 cm, followed by leveling the soil with a cultivator KPS-4.In the spring, after the maturation of the soil, the field was harrowed with simultaneous alignment with a coupling of VNIS-R harrows and plume harrows.Immediately before sowing, tillage was carried out to the depth of planting seeds for beets with VNIS-R harrows.Sugar beet was grown against the background of mineral nutrition N120P120K120 kg d .v .per 1 hectare.The sowing of sugar beet was carried out with row spacing of 45 cm with seeders of CST.
Additional measures for the care of experimental plotssnow retention, fertilizing with mineral fertilizers, the fight against diseases and insectswere not carried out.With the mass appearance of weed seedlings on sugar beet crops, herbicidal treatment was carried out with a tank mixture of Biceps Garant preparations -1.1 l/ha with Miura -0.6 l/ha (May 23).For the second wave of weeds , a tank mixture was used in the composition: Betanes 1.5 l/ha + Caribou 30 g/ha + Lontrel -300 0.5 l/ha + Zelleck-super 0.5 l/ha (June 6).
The treatment of crop plots with ABT-Plant was carried out using a CP-15 knapsack sprayer (Lurmark) equipped with a rod with three slit sprayers Lurmark 02-F110 orange.The width of the grip is 1 meter.The consumption of the working solution was equal to 260 liters per 1 ha.Sugar beet plots were placed in four-fold repetition.Records, observations and assessment of biological and economic efficiency were carried out according to generally accepted methods and in accordance with the methodological recommendations of the VISR.Mathematical processing of crop data was carried out according to B.A. Dospekhov.
Harvesting of crops according to experimental options was carried outsugar beet on September 19.
Accounting for the yield of sugar beet was done manually.Sugar beet plants were dug up on the entire area of the accounting plot with an area of 25 m 2 , followed by pruning of the tops and weighing of root crops.Soybean harvesting was carried out by the Sampo-2010 combine harvester by direct threshing.Crop accounting was carried out on 50 m 2.

Scheme of experience
1. Control (without processing) 2. ABT-Plantseed treatment at the rate of 20 grams of the drug per ton of seeds 3. ABT-Plantspraying of vegetative plants in the phase of 6-8 real leaves of beetroot at the rate of 15 grams of the drug per hectare.(workingfluid consumption 260 l/ha) 4. ABT-Plant -spraying of vegetative plants before closing the leaves in the aisles of sugar beet at the rate of 15 grams of the drug per hectare.
5. ABT-Plantseed treatment at the rate of 20 grams of the drug per ton of seeds, spraying of vegetative plants before closing the leaves in the aisles of beets at the rate of 15 grams of the drug per hectare.
Sugar beet, as already noted, was sown on April 29.Its seedlings appeared on the soil surface on May 10.Full shoots were recorded on May 19.
Sugar beet seeds were treated with ABT-Plant preparation immediately before sowing.At the same time, the seeds for the control variant were treated with water in a volume corresponding to the amount of working fluid during the processing of the experimental variant.The treatment of sugar beet plants with ABT-Plant was carried out in the phase of 6-8 leaves on June 20, before the closing phase in the aisles on July 5.When spraying sugar beet plants with a solution of the drug, in the control version they were treated with a volume of water corresponding to the consumption of the ABT-Plant solution.In our experience, sugar beet seedlings were counted.

Results of field research
Studies have found that the germination of the studied culture did not depend on whether beet seeds were processed or not.This indicator, depending on the variant of the experiment, was at the level of 6.2-6.5 pieces per linear meter (Table 2).The research included phenological observations of the growth and development of sugar beet.As noted above, the seedlings of the studied culture appeared on the eleventh day after sowing -May 10.The beginning and full shoots were marked on May 16 and 19, respectively.There was no difference in the experience options at this stage of development.According to the phases of the appearance of these leaves, there was a slight difference in the variants.So, one day earlier, sugar beet entered these phases on the control variant on May 22, 26, 29, depending on the number of pairs of real leaves (Table 3).
The phase of closing the leaves in rows of sugar beet was the same for all variants of the experiment on June 27, and in the aisles it differed by one day.In our experience, a visual assessment of root rot damage was carried out.It was found that sugar beet was less damaged by rot in variants where the drug ABT-Plant was used.So, if in the second and third variants the percentage of damage was in the range from 0.74% to 0.78%, then in the control variant it increased to 0.99% (Table 4).The density of plants before harvesting (Table 5) was slightly higher in the variants with the use of the drug ABT-Plant.So, in the control variant, the plant density was 91 thousand units /ha, and in the variants using ABT-Plant ranged from 94 to 98 thousand units /ha.This is due to the fact that in the variants where the drug was used, the development of root rot was somewhat lower.At the same time, the average weight of one root in the control variant was 570 g.In the three variants where the drug was used, the average weight of the root crop was slightly lower than 550-560 g, in the variant with spraying plants before closing the leaves in the aisles with ABT-Plant, the average weight of the root crop was higher than all 580 g.Analysis of the data given in Table 6 shows that a significant increase in sugar beet yield compared to the control was provided by a variant with two-fold use of the ABT-Plant preparation for seed treatment (20 g/t) and for vegetation of plants in the phase of closing beet leaves in row spacing (15 g/ha).The increase in the yield of sugar beet root crops was 3.5 t/ha, which indicates a significant increase in yield, since the NSR05 for this experiment is 2.5 t /ha.For the other variants, there was no significant difference in the yield level with the use of ABT-Plant from the control one.The increase of 0.6-2.2t/ha did not exceed the level of the smallest significant difference, but determined the positive effect of its use.The drug ABT-Plant also had a positive effect on the sugar content of sugar beet root crops.So, in the control variant, the sugar content was 15.05%, while in the variants with the use of the drug it ranged from 15.66 to 15.97% (Table 6).
One of the most important indicators of crop productivity is the collection of sugar.In our experiment, the highest sugar yield was obtained in the fourth variant of 8.41 t/ha, while in the control variant it was the lowest 7.56 t/ha.In other variants, the sugar harvest ranged from 8.11 to 8.16 t/ha (Table 6).

Conclusions
Complexes of activated humic substances in symbiosis with other biologically active substances of "organomineral bionutrients" stimulate biochemical processes during seed germination and root formation, which allows plants to form a powerful root system, which, spreading into the deep layers of the soil, provides plants with additional moisture and nutrients.. Thanks to the use of organomineral bionutrients, crop losses from drought are reduced, yields are guaranteed to increase, fruit ripening times are accelerated and their quality improves, the content of proteins, sugars, vitamins increases and the amount of nitrates decreases.

Fig. 1 .
Fig.1.Diagram of the passage of humic substances through the pores in the walls of plant cells

Table 1 .
The composition of the ABT-Plant bionutrient

Table 3 .
Phenology of sugar beet

Table 4 .
Visual assessment of the damage of sugar beetroot crops by root rot on July 3, %

Table 5 .
Plant density at the time of harvesting and weight of sugar beet root crops