The impact of digitalization on organizational management structures

. The increase in competition requires modern business entities to make fundamental decisions regarding the introduction of digital technologies in management processes. In turn, organizational management structures are precisely the object that should be subject to technological transformation in order to increase the efficiency of performing functions and tasks by the participants in such a structure. The purpose of the study is to reveal the role and significance of digitalization in the development of organizational structures for enterprise management. Research methods: analysis, theoretical approach, description, study of scientific literature, formal-logical approach, concretization of conclusions, method of thinking and visual interpretation of the results. Results and conclusions of the study: the concept of digitalization is considered (this is the process of using computer technology, information technology with the recording of code pulses (binary numbers / numbers "0" and "1", which serves as the basis for the name "digital") in a certain sequence and a certain frequency in relation to any object of human activity); the features of the impact of digitalization on organizational management structures are determined (positive impact: exclusion of the human factor, increase in the efficiency of organizational structures, increase in the efficiency of managerial, intercommunication, intermediary and other processes; among the negative impact, the high cost of implementation, the need to train staff in the ability to use information technologies).


Introduction
The role of digitalization in the activities of modern business entities is determined not only by the technologization / computerization of financial, production, marketing, advertising, economic, design and any other processes.The digitalization of management processes is of paramount importance in this aspect.Organizational management structures, as a result of the interaction of such processes, as a result of the interaction of personnel within the organization, directly affect the overall result of the effectiveness of the activities of almost every business entity.Accordingly, it is logical to assume that if one employee conveys information to another employee (or one department to another department) through a personal meeting, then in this case the communication time can be much longer than through the use of social networks, the Internet, intranet, telephony and other aspects of technologization, which are just one of the many elements of digital technologies in the modern world.This example clearly demonstrates how connections between elements of the organizational management structure (personnel, departments) are accelerated with the use of technology, that is, under the direct influence of the digitalization process.The research problem is to understand the role of digitalization in the transformation of organizational management structures and to determine whether there are really more positive aspects than negative ones (the problem of the costs of digitalization of organizational structures).

Digital technologies in management
Penetrating into all areas of business, digital technologies do not leave without a trace the improvement of the very management of this business [1].Accordingly, we are talking about such popular management technologies as computer programs such as 1C: Enterprise, Bitrix24, AmoCRM, Megaplan, SberCRM, RetailCRM, ClientBase, Simple Business, A2B, Brizo, Planfix and many others [2].All of these programs are designed to manage personnel, customer relationships, customers, resellers, supply chain management, and many other aspects of business.In addition, digitalization is actively used in financial management (financial marketplaces, blockchain technologies for transactions, online banking, etc.), in production management (MES systems, etc.), and so on.

Concept of digital technologies
The term "digital technologies" is defined by the Russian legislator as an electronic computing method using appropriate equipment, technology, in particular computer equipment, when identification, entry, processing and dissemination of information / data are carried out using code pulses (binary numbers / numbers "0" and "1", which serves as the basis for the name "digital") in a certain sequence and with a certain frequency [3].This definition is reflected in the scientific literature (both domestic [4,5] and foreign [6,7]), where scientists also point to a direct connection between digital technologies and computerization and binary digital characters for processing information flows.In the context of the use of digital technologies, the concept of digital companies [8] and even digital conglomerates [9] has appeared.

Benefits of using digital technologies
In the modern perspective of understanding the importance of the development of digital technologies and the fact that the Internet, gadgets, computer programs are used by almost every person, and as a result, by every business entity, it is logical to believe that these technologies have more advantages than disadvantages.In this regard, we highlight the following advantages of digital technologies in management: -efficiency, within the framework of which digital technologies help to reduce the time of management operations and communications, that is, when using technologies, information is conveyed much faster than, for example, during personal meetings of employees, departments; -exclusion of the human factor.Here we are talking about the fact that there are often cases when, for example, the communication of information from one employee / department to another and to the final recipient is distorted.Digital technologies, messages on the Internet, video messages are able to convey information in its original form without the influence of the human factor (rumors, gossip, speculation, personal opinions, etc.); -analytics and monitoring, in the framework of which digital technologies are able to analyze and monitor communications between employees, set goals for their interaction, determine the effectiveness of communications, etc.The use of this data is especially important for assessing the effect, identifying the best and worst personnel links in the organization; -the quality of connections, when digital technologies are able to identify and ensure high-quality interaction between the links of organizational structures.In particular, for example, an employee of the accounting department needs to contact an employee of the order taking department.When all employees of the order department are busy, within the framework of digital technologies, an opportunity can be created for an accounting employee to wait, record a video message, leave an audio message, that is, to convey the communication in any case.This approach can sometimes be decisive in the processing of orders, and as a result, play a major role in generating income for a business entity.
Among the shortcomings of the impact of digitalization on organizational management structures, one can single out (aspects of negative impact): -the expensive cost of the process of introducing digital technologies, since, as a rule, such technologies are in demand on the market, which means they have a high price; -the need for additional staff training in the ability to use information technology, work with gadgets, computer programs, etc., not every employee has IT knowledge; -problems related to the import substitution of computer components, the replacement of foreign software with domestic ones, etc., due to the sanctions pressure of a number of countries on Russia since the spring of 2022 (many Internet platforms have stopped working in Russia, and the supply of components has become very limited despite the fact that the domestic IT market has not yet reached a sufficient level of its development to fully ensure business management).

Digitization of management processes
With regard to the research topic, we will focus on the digitalization of personnel management processes, since when it comes to organizational management structures, we should keep in mind ordered connections, communication interactions, subordinating relations in the interaction of employees of the enterprise, that is, personnel [10].It is also important to understand here that personnel management is a process as a whole, or in relation to the head of the department to subordinates, directors in relation to departments, the parent company in relation to subsidiaries, and so on.The organizational structure of management is different from the concept of "personnel management" and implies an already interconnected and specially developed process or hierarchy of interaction of all elements (employees) of the enterprise with each other, including, among other things, processes of subordination and communication, both from top to bottom and from bottom to top, and horizontal coordination processes.In any case, all these processes are related to management, and digital technologies here can be used both in a complex in relation to the entire organizational structure, and to its parts, that is, departments, employees.
Digitalization of management processes penetrates into all areas of business.So, it is almost impossible to imagine management, for example, without the Internet, without CRM systems, without employee database management systems (DBMS), without intranets (internal local area networks of enterprises for communication between departments), without workflow class products (these are software systems that provide complete or partial coordination of the performance of production operations (tasks, works, functions) that make up the structured business processes of the company), not to mention gadgets, computers, video, audio technologies and much more.

The impact of digitalization on organizational management structures
Organizational structures are able to transform under the influence of digitalization.The simplest and most striking example can be the simplification of organizational structures, for example, from matrix to linear-functional.In particular, we are talking about the automation of managerial communications, when, through the use of computer technology, communications are brought from one link (employee, department) to another, with the exception of matrix links.Information is conveyed to all parts of the organizational structure, but more quickly, efficiently, issues and tasks are solved in a radical way, and the number of links in solving problems is reduced.Note that this is a positive effect, since it is generally accepted that linear-functional structures are the easiest to use, understood by the staff, and the connections in such structures are more dynamic and transparent.

Types of organizational structures of management and processes prevailing in them
The modern economy is once again in a transitional period, the emergence of which is associated with the formation of digital structures, communications and the diffusion of fundamentally new computing systems.To remain competitive, companies need to make extensive use of digital technologies in their work.When building the organizational structure of management, operating enterprises need to carefully treat its system and management structure, without destroying the relationships that have developed in the organization, establishing operational relationships outside and within the company through the expedient redistribution of competencies.
Modern organizational management systems constantly function in conditions of lack of resources -computing power, energy resources, limited memory, etc., which inevitably leads to the idea of classifying structures according to some criteria (for example, by the number of employees performing a particular function) .Such work in the initial period, as a rule, leads to positive optimization, which is accompanied by the use of traditional techniques [11].Functions, communications and many other aspects that distinguish one organizational structure from another are subject to digitalization.Thus, computer programs are able to influence the information flows mentioned above, the regulation of working hours (for example, the working day opens and closes when an employee puts a special card / code to the reader at the beginning and end of the day), control over staff, etc.
Based on a comparative analysis of the types of organizational structures of management, below is a generalized table of characteristics that appear in various types of organizational structures.In the presented table, the designation according to the type "X" corresponds to the smaller orientation, and according to the type "V" -the main orientation of the organizational structure.

Digital technologies in organizational management structures
Recently, there has been an understanding that the problems of modern management are connected and caused by the interaction of business processes with physical processes.At present, the moment has come for the modernization of the classical IT period, when the IT foundation is undergoing major changes associated with a rethinking of the principles of business organization.
As part of this digitalization process, real transformations are taking place related to innovative development, the introduction of start-ups, etc., which makes their implementation even more difficult.
In connection with the introduction of the term "cyber-physical systems" (CPS), which implies the integration of computing with physical processes, the development of organizational structures has become more intense.The concept of digitalization reflects the qualitative transition expected in the near future in the perception of organizational structures of enterprises and their design methods.The essence of the CPS is that the design of the control object and the control system for this object must be carried out in a single way, in a E3S Web of Conferences 458, 04007 (2023) EMMFT-2023 https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202345804007single complex, closely interacting tools.In addition, the CPS concept, as a rule, involves the creation of a single structure of computing and physical systems with other devices for close interaction with them and information exchange [11].
A typical structure of a CPS consists of two parts -computer and physical, not mastered by computer technology, and may include mechanical, biological (chemical) processes and the latest technologies.The management system includes several cloud platforms.The network structure provides the mechanisms for the interconnection of platforms, forming together with them the "cybernetic" part of the CPS.Traditionally, the values at the input and output are processed in accordance with the algorithms embedded in the system, exerting the necessary influence on the control objects.This is how the processes in the organizational structure are managed according to the feedback principle.In addition, there may be a need to simultaneously perform several actions, because the control object can be their participant at the same time.
Traditional structures of the IT period are characterized by sequential execution of procedures in accordance with management algorithms for each function.Functions in the modern system of organizational management (hereinafter referred to as OMS) are performed in parallel, i.e. parallelism is organically inherent in the new system of organizational management.In the enterprise management system, all business functions are performed simultaneously (at different levels), which is graphically displayed in organizational and technological procedures.The organizational structure of managing an enterprise that uses CFS in its activities presupposes communication with the Internet, where the concept of "Internet of things" is widely used, when each device is connected to the global network and becomes available to each employee.
The task of managing personnel and relations between employees / departments is one of the classic management techniques and is the first where IT has become widely used.This is due to the presence of well-established economic and mathematical models that are effectively implemented by means of computer technology.Among IT, DBMS, workflow class products and intranet can be distinguished as the most used for these purposes, which is shown in Fig. 1.

Transformation of organizational management structures under the influence of digital technologies
The result of the influence of digital technologies on organizational management structures was not only the introduction of computer CRM programs in personnel management and relations between employees / departments, etc., but also, according to scientists from the Russian University of Economics named after G.V. Plekhanova V.V. Maslennikova, Yu.V. Landau, I.A. Kalinina, the emergence of the so-called digital organizational management structures [12].
The scientists presented a model of the organization management system on a digital platform.Initially, the control object is digitized, its digital twin is formed.Further, the digitalization of the subject of management is carried out (management processes, digital organizational structure of management, management decisions).
The subject and object of management interact on a single digital platform, where information is generated for the owners and managers of the organization.Moreover, they can receive information not from each other, but online from mobile devices.The situation when managers give false information to owners about the state of affairs in the organization is excluded.
A digital risk management system and a digital strategy implementation monitoring system are added to the digital platform, which provides the necessary information to the digital control panels of the organization's employees.Each employee can see the goals, indicators and tasks to be completed, as well as the deadlines and the target result (Fig. 2).As a result, all elements of the organization management system in the digital organizational structure are interconnected and are built on a single digital platform that ensures the effective implementation of the chosen business model and allows real-time digital transformation of the business.

Conclusion
Thus, the main goal of the indicated research has been achieved -the role and importance of digitalization in the development of organizational structures of enterprise management has been revealed.In particular, it can be concluded that digitalization plays a positive role in the development of organizational structures.At the same time, despite the significant costs of computer and information technologies that are necessary for the digitalization of organizational structures, the benefits and effects of their implementation and use can cover any costs, which is confirmed by scientific research [5][6][7][10][11][12].Digitalization can speed up communication and information processes between elements of organizational structures, eliminate the human factor, free up time, and much more.All this as an effect is manifested in an increase in the profitability of business entities using modern computer and Internet technologies in their management.

Fig. 1 .
Fig. 1.The place and purpose of IT in the organizational structure of management.

Table 1 .
Characteristic features of various organizational structures