Literature review in the field of solidarity economy (SE) and energy cooperatives

. The article is a review of existing research on the concept of a solidarity economy (SE) and the role of cooperation in this area. The authors analyze various aspects of the SE, such as equity, sustainability, resource allocation, social inclusion and environmental sustainability. The paper emphasizes the relevance of the study of solidarity economy and cooperation in the context of modern challenges. The authors draw attention to the fact that the SE is focused on meeting social needs, unlike the traditional economy, which is focused on profit and cost reduction. The authors point out that the solidarity economy does not require a complete replacement of existing economic forms, but is complementary and compatible with existing market relations. Various methods were used in the research process, including the analysis of scientific literature and international practices, as well as the study of data and statistics. The authors analyze and compare various studies and approaches related to the SE and cooperation. The main conclusions of the article emphasize the importance of a solidarity economy and cooperation in creating a fair, sustainable and socially inclusive society. The authors note that a solidary economy and cooperation can contribute to an equal distribution of resources, promote environmental sustainability and innovative practices. The article provides valuable information for researchers, economists and practitioners interested in solidarity economy and cooperation. The results of the study and the proposed approaches can be used to develop policies and programs aimed at developing a SE and improving socio-economic conditions. The role of energy cooperatives in the sustainable development and decentralization of energy systems is considered.


Introduction
The solidarity economy (SE) is based on a different goal-setting than the modern economy.If the latter focuses on rational profit with the lowest costs, then the SE, which is part of the regenerative one, is focused on the maximum possible satisfaction of social needs.There is one fundamental characteristic of it.Despite the new quality of content and orientation, as stated at the UN General Assembly, it is necessarily built on the basis of forms already present in the public economy and does not imply any revolutionary replacement of existing forms.Moreover, its structures do not come into antagonistic contradiction with commodity production, market relations, capital and the modern economic system.One of such complementary structures is cooperation, because cooperation (both consumer and production) is adapted to the economic relations of modernity.More precisely, both cooperative forms are the product of a market economy and in this regard do not contradict the existing economic system at all [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20].
The solidarity economy, also known as the social economy or the third sector [22], is one of the key components of the economic model of many European countries.
There are 250,000 cooperatives in the EU, owned by 163 million citizens (one third of the EU population), employing 5.4 million people.Cooperatives occupy a significant market share in industries [11].
• Pharmaceuticals and healthcare -21% in Spain and 18% in Belgium.

Methods
The following methods and approaches were used in the article: • Literature analysis: This method involves a systematic analysis of existing scientific articles, books, dissertations, reports and other sources on the topic.It allows researchers to study and summarize existing knowledge and research results in the field of cooperation and solidarity economy.
• Systematic literature review: This method is an extended form of literature analysis.It includes the development of a protocol and description of criteria for the selection and inclusion of articles in the review, as well as the implementation of meta-analysis and synthesis of data from various sources.
• Meta-analysis: This method allows you to collect and analyze data from several studies in order to extract general patterns and obtain reliable results.Meta-analysis is used to summarize and combine the results of previous research in the field of cooperation and SE.
• For the analysis of publications, a sample of 80 papers indexed in the Google Scholar scientometric database was formed.According to the search query "cooperatives", "Solidarity economy", "Social enterprises", works for the period 2018 -2023 were selected (as of the date of circulation on October 17, 2023) and the titles of publications were analyzed.A word cloud was built based on the titles of the publications.

Results
The following keywords and combinations were used to search for research on cooperatives and the solidarity economy in the Google Scholar database: The number of publications devoted to the problem under consideration is increasing every year (see Figure 1).A special growth is noted for the period from 2019-2023.Much of this may be due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the subsequent global economic crisis.The world scientific community seeks to find economic models alternative to capitalism.The largest number of publications falls on scientific articles (see Figure 2).The topic of the review of scientific research in the field of cooperative theory and practice is relevant.The work of Luo J. et al. is interesting here.The author points out that the number of scientific publications on agricultural cooperatives in the Western world is gradually increasing, especially in the last 10 years.Thematic keywords such as "cooperative organizations", "agriculture", "sustainability" and "governance" were the most frequently mentioned in the studies.The study also identified several main areas of research in this area, including the sustainability of agricultural cooperatives, agricultural policy, social entrepreneurship and innovation.It also stressed the importance of networking, governance and the role of government in the sustainable development of agricultural cooperatives [21].
The topic of the theory of cooperative organization remains the most popular in the works of foreign authors.It deals with the history of the cooperative movement around the world [37], [9] Questions of the economic theory of cooperation [29], [30].Issues of creation of various hybrids of cooperation and its new types and forms [16], [28].
Research and comparisons of the cooperative and capitalist management models play an important role [17].The cooperative model has a unique organizational structure, but it also has some common features both with corporations (for example, commercial activity; presence in a competitive market; surpluses distributed among members/shareholders) and with non-profit associations (for example, social mission; property rights not related to invested capital; democratic decision-making structure solutions based on people, not capital) [25].
The works concerning the problems of human capital development in cooperative organizations are gaining relevance.The cooperative movement is unthinkable today without competent leaders.Thus, the role of leadership qualities of members in the development of the cooperative movement is considered in the work of Simkhada N.R., Bhattarai P.C. [33].The authors identified four aspects of effective leadership:  The role model cooperator has dedication, confidence, respect and trust of society.He adheres to the code of conduct and rules, promotes teamwork, is aware of the collective mission and adheres to ethical values.In addition, he is able to instill pride, create a culture of justice and increase the sense of ownership.He is committed to achieving goals and optimistic about the future. The team leader expands the team's capabilities, maintains good relationships, informs about future tasks and builds the team's potential.It also empowers the team, encourages active participation in decision-making and inspires innovative ideas.The leader is open to revision of current assumptions, develops new ways of performing tasks, takes into account different points of view and listens to the opinions of others.He makes rational decisions and plans succession. The leader also provides rewards for the results achieved.He provides the terms of reference to subordinates, delegates responsibility and authority, monitors the results of work and compares them with the tasks set.The leader concentrates on identifying violations and errors during monitoring, expresses satisfaction if the expectations of the leaders are met, and provides rewards depending on the results of the work.He also gives instructions on how to eliminate mistakes and shortcomings and directs the team's attention to achieving goals, using appropriate leadership styles in each situation. Industry leadership skills include knowledge of the principles of cooperation and the legal framework, key performance indicators (KPIs) and the ability to establish links with stakeholders to mobilize resources.The leader develops and offers appropriate services to team members and knows how to manage conflicts.van Rijn J.In his work, he notes that in the management structure, credit unions rely on volunteer directors, and CEOs are significantly less interested in remuneration based on performance compared to the heads of commercial banks.Moreover, 51% of credit union managers are women, compared to only 3% of managers at local banks of similar size [36].
The next important topic of research in the field of cooperation is the sphere of cooperative management and the organization of standard working procedures [8].For example, the topic of determining the main problems arising in the management of agricultural cooperatives is considered in the work of Brandão J. B., Breitenbach R. [6].There are several acute problems of cooperative organizations: a) Cooperatives compete with other companies in this sector, and they must be competitive, while remaining faithful to cooperative principles.b) it is difficult for the team responsible for managing cooperatives to compete in oligopolized markets.c) The participation of cooperative members in management is low.d) Partners and members of cooperatives demonstrate opportunistic behavior.
Scientists note the importance of developing quantitative indicators of the cooperative.In order to stimulate the effective integration and institutionalization of sustainability in the cooperative's business strategy, the introduction of adequate organizational and management tools becomes strategically important.Effective communication, tools for measuring sustainable development indicators and professional development of staff and members open up opportunities to overcome organizational obstacles [23].
The activity of the cooperative requires the formation of a certain policy in the field of marketing [15] and pricing [35].In the study, Grashuis J., Hakelius K. notes that corporations and consumer cooperatives have different approaches to pricing and marketing.Corporations tend to focus on price and stock competition, while consumer cooperatives pay more attention to the quality of goods and social responsibility.Some general trends related to pricing in the agricultural sector were also identified.For example, corporations usually have more opportunities to scale and reduce costs, which allows them to offer lower prices.Consumer cooperatives, in turn, often use differentiation strategies and focus on local and environmentally friendly products [14].
van Rijn J. points out that credit unions also offer higher interest rates, provide loans of higher quality, avoid excessively risky lending practices and are more likely to open and maintain branches in low-income regions [36].
We agree with the authors, pricing in cooperatives and commercial companies may have some differences, but in general, both types of organizations try to set prices for their goods or services that will allow them to cover costs and make a profit.
In cooperatives where the goal is to meet the needs of their members, pricing can be focused on ensuring accessibility and profitability for their members.Cooperatives, depending on their form, can apply different pricing models.For example, in consumer cooperatives, members may be able to buy goods or services at wholesale prices or with dividends.In agricultural cooperatives, prices can be focused on ensuring a fair price for cooperative farmers.
In commercial companies, pricing can be aimed at maximizing profits and taking into account the competitive environment.Commercial companies can use various pricing strategies, such as value-based pricing, supply-demand pricing, differentiated pricing, etc.On a market basis, commercial companies usually set prices that allow them to compete with other companies, attract customers and ensure sustainable profitability.
In both cases, it is important to analyze the market, study the needs and preferences of customers, and also take into account the costs of production, supply of goods or provision of services.In addition, legal and regulatory factors can also influence the pricing process for both types of organizations.
In the work of researchers from China [39], the cooperative approach was defined as an effective way to manage agricultural risks.Farmers, uniting in cooperatives, gain access to financial support, expertise and resources, which contributes to increasing the efficiency and competitiveness of their operations.Cooperatives also help farmers to reduce costs and increase their position in the market.
Studies on the impact of the solidarity economy and cooperative organizations on the future of labor are being updated [5], [12].Another quality of a cooperative organization is the high motivation of its member employees.The topic of labor productivity in cooperative organizations is devoted to the works of Silva L. F., Morello T. [32].The aim of the study was to study the possible contradiction between efficiency and efficiency in Brazilian workers' cooperatives.The results of the study showed that in Brazilian workers' cooperatives there is a positive relationship between adherence to cooperative principles and efficiency.This means that cooperatives that maintain cooperative principles usually have higher productivity and better resource efficiency.
Pokharel K. P., Featherstone A. M. investigated the factors that influence the success and efficiency of workers' cooperatives.Some of these factors include social integration and support, access to capital, and the management and organizational structure of the cooperative [26].
We agree with the authors' conclusions and want to add some points: 1. Management: The management system is a key factor for the productivity growth of cooperatives.The management of the cooperative needs to make strategic decisions and manage the resources of the organization.2. Participation of members: Members should be motivated and participate in decisionmaking and control of the organization's activities [3]. 3. Cooperation: Cooperation and collaboration between the members of the cooperative contribute to team cohesion.Regular communication, exchange of experience and joint efforts help to optimize processes and achieve better results.The controversy over the role of the state in the development of the cooperative movement has not subsided.Thus, the relationship between cooperation and the state on the example of Korea is considered in the work of Kim S. et al. [20].The author notes the importance of consumer cooperatives as a form of social entrepreneurship, which contributes to the establishment of an organized civic community and the development of social justice.
In the study of Meira D., Ramos M. E. [24].It is established that the legal framework applicable to cooperatives is not harmonized in the European Union.Unlike other legal systems, the Portuguese legal system has made cooperative principles part of the Portuguese Constitution, making them binding, protecting the cooperative identity.Demutualization, digital transition, professionalization of management, transparency, conflict of interest prevention and accountability, investor participation and multiple voting are the main problems associated with the principle of democratic membership control in the 21st century.The article concludes that these challenges must be addressed within the framework of the principle of democratic governance of the members.Multiple voting can be a response to the heterogeneity of members and to the fact that the admission of investor members can contribute to both the professionalization of cooperative management and the sustainability of cooperatives.
In the work of Ghauri S., Mazzarol T., Soutar G. N., a study is conducted to find out what advantages small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) that are members of cooperatives receive from networking.The results of the study show that SMEs that are members of cooperatives have access to valuable information and knowledge through their network connections.They also have more opportunities to interact with other entrepreneurs and receive support from the community.In addition, the collective resources provided by cooperatives contribute to improving the competitiveness and sustainability of SMEs [13].
Here we want to highlight a number of advantages that contribute to the success and sustainability of small businesses when working through cooperatives: 1. Shared Resources: A cooperative organization allows small businesses to pool resources with other participants to jointly achieve common goals.This may include access to financing, exchange of experience, sharing of equipment and infrastructure.
2. Cost reduction: Members of cooperative enterprises can reduce the cost of purchasing materials, equipment and services as a result of joint purchases and cooperation.This allows you to reduce costs, improve access to resources and increase competitiveness.
3. Risk sharing: Participation in a cooperative allows small businesses to distribute risks among participants.In case of failure or temporary decline, participants can provide mutual support and mitigate the impact of negative factors.
4. General marketing and Sales: Cooperatives can organize joint marketing campaigns and promotion of products or services, which provides greater visibility and market access for small businesses.Combining efforts allows you to expand the customer base and increase sales.
5. Democratic governance: In a cooperative organization, each member has the right to vote in the decision-making process and participate in management.This ensures an equal distribution of power and increases the level of trust and loyalty of the participants.The possibilities of cooperatives in solving the problem of global poverty, using the example of fishing associations in India, are considered in the work of Solomon P. The study reveals the importance of cooperatives as a supplier of tangible and intangible resources, namely, opportunities for livelihood, credit support, protection from exploitation of intermediaries, awareness raising and the development of savings habits for solving everyday tasks [34] A significant number of articles consider the possibilities of cooperation in solving a particular problem at the global level.Cooperatives are able to implement the Sustainable Development Goals [7], [27] in the field of environmental protection.Thus, in the work of Delicado A. et al., several key aspects related to energy cooperatives in Southern Europe are considered.One of the main aspects studied by the authors is the role of energy cooperatives in the sustainable development and decentralization of the energy system.Scientists pay attention to the challenges faced by energy cooperatives in Southern Europe.These challenges include limited availability of financing for the development and expansion of cooperatives, difficulties related to legislation and regulation, as well as lack of support from commercial energy companies [10].
Figure 4 shows a word cloud formed by the names of scientific papers.The font size corresponds to the frequency of the mentioned word: the larger the font, the more often this word was found in the name.
After analyzing the titles of publications, we can draw conclusions about the high interest of scientists in the problems of cooperation, solidarity and social economy.In aggregate, various methods and approaches are used in the economic research of cooperative organizations.Some of them include: 1. Document analysis: Researchers analyze charters, financial reports and other documents of cooperative organizations to study their organizational structure, rules and principles of functioning.
2. Econometric analysis: This method allows researchers to evaluate the economic activity of cooperative organizations.Statistical models are used to investigate the relationship between variables and identify factors that influence the success of cooperatives.
3. Interviews and surveys: Scientists can conduct interviews and surveys with representatives of cooperative organizations to get information about their activities, strategies and problems.This helps to obtain data and understand the motivations and preferences of cooperative members.
4. Case studies: Case studies allow scientists to study more deeply the specific cases of cooperative organizations and analyze their features, innovations and development strategies.This includes an analysis of the history of the emergence of a cooperative organization, mechanisms for working with members and measures of economic success.
5. Comparative analysis: Researchers conduct a comparative analysis of various types of cooperative organizations and the results of their economic activities.They compare different industries or regions to determine the factors that affect the functioning of cooperatives.
6. Mathematical modeling: The use of mathematical methods allows researchers to create formal models that take into account various factors and dynamics of cooperative activity.This helps to conduct economic analysis and predict the results of various policies and strategies.
All these methods allow researchers to gain a deep understanding of cooperative organizations, their economic impact and functioning features.The combination of different methods helps to create a complete picture and draw conclusions based on a wide range of data.

Discussion
The cooperative socio-economic form of the organization, due to the evolutionary nature of its genesis, organically combines tradition and modern features.The first is manifested in direct democracy, public ownership, the presence of mandatory moral restrictions, i.e. all that is lost as a result of the revolutionary expansion of capital.
At the same time, the focus on optimizing income for the sake of multiplying collective benefit makes the principles of cooperation functioning quite adaptive to the market economy.
Solidarity is the essential quality of cooperation.Cooperative property aggregating the labor and property of participants presupposes solidarity as an imperative of systemic quality.A mandatory characteristic of cooperation, coinciding with the megatrend of regenerative development, is the absence of a direct link between the effectiveness of its functioning and the scale of markets.In the case of capitalism, this connection is certainly.
For example, consumer societies are created and carry out their activities, satisfying the needs of shareholders, the efficiency of production is assessed by the results of the multiplication of cooperative property, which makes it possible to fill in the missing resources of small commodity producers.
Mass production, oriented to a broad market and, in this connection, organized into large forms of Fordist capitalism based on the impersonal labor of a "unified" appendage of the conveyor, is transcendent to cooperation, organically combining labor and property, and, consequently, assuming the absolute subjectivity of each shareholder.
That is why cooperation is characterized by limited functional capabilities of wage labor, small-scale organizational forms.
These essential features of cooperation coincide with the civilizational mainstream, focused not on the ever-expanding consumption and scaling of markets, the limit of which has already been noticeably manifested in the catastrophic consequences for the biosphere of the planet, but on rational consumption.

Current trends in cooperation
The solidarity economy in general, and the cooperative economy in particular, acquire special significance in the modern era of the "decay of capitalism" or the era of "late modernity".The forms of socio-economic organization that allow us to "grope" the evolutionary way to overcome the dead-end directions of social development are becoming particularly relevant.
In this regard, the features and characteristics that actualize economic forms in the civilizational mainstream deserve close attention.Otherwise, the planting of artificially constructed entities (such as Robert Owen's communes), or structures whose functionality is limited in time (for example, peasant communities that inspired the socialist ideas of Russian populists) can give the opposite (regressive effect).
The socio-economic form demonstrating absolute adequacy, the planetary megatrend is cooperation.
Cooperation fits seamlessly into the megatrend associated with the demassivization of the global social space, which has become the result of the transition to postmodernity, the source of which is information.
Leading to the deprivation of individual exclusive personality qualities, Fordist capitalism gives way to economic organization with increasing subjectivity of the individual as a unique information carrier.The role of a modern participant in the socioeconomic process becomes authentic to the meaning of a medieval artisan with a unique set of artisan skills and abilities.
Demassovization, in addition to the regeneration of the individual subjectivity of economic actors, which completely coincides with the place of the cooperator as an owner, manager and worker, has a number of other connotations that are immanent in the development of cooperation.For example, the demassivization of the consumer market corresponds to the orientation of cooperatives towards the production of small-scale "craft" products or ensuring the exclusive requests of shareholders of consumer societies.
In the new social reality, the limitation of cooperative enterprises to small forms no longer looks like an obstacle to competitiveness.
In conditions when each individual as a carrier of unique information acquires selfworth, the social significance of small socio-economic forms becomes quite comparable with large companies.
Only in cooperation are public and individual interests balanced.The existence of a balance of interests of the individual and the collective is the same systemic imperative as direct democracy [1].A shift in any of the priorities (individual or collective interests) leads to irreversible mutations of cooperatives.If the exclusive preferences of shareholders take over, the cooperative is transformed into an ordinary business structure and, conversely, when the interests of the community become priority, it loses its special motivation for work and participation, fueled by individual benefit.There are enough examples of such destructions in the historical experience of the cooperative movement.For example, at the end of the 60s of the last century, consumer cooperation in Europe, with a few exceptions, took the path of corporatization or transfer of property management rights by board managers, which caused mass apathy of shareholders and a reduction in the cooperative sector.On the other hand, cooperatives created in Russia at the expense of the S. Morozov Foundation at the end of the XIX century, which do not socialize the individual property of peasants, as a rule, did not exist for more than 3 years.
The dialectical contradiction of individual and public interests, which a large number of management technologies are aimed at overcoming in a capitalist organization, becomes a source of development in cooperation.In this direction, there are numerous measures to harmonize personal and cooperative benefits (for example, through the creation of pension savings funds, so-called indivisible funds, etc.) Cooperation is not a static and dynamically developing form.It is important to emphasize that the directions of its development do not contradict the global social mainstream, but, on the contrary, organically fit into the trends of qualitative transformation of the world public space [19].Thus, the information and communication revolution, the results of which have recently been increasingly perceived as commonplace, not only coincide with cooperative trends, but also provide new development opportunities for cooperation.Its essential feature -the system-forming dominant personality of the cooperator with unique skills and abilities fully fits into the megatrend associated with the return of the subjectivity of the individual in the socio-economic process as a unique information carrier.It should be specially noted that this trend is especially clearly manifested in the field of IT technologies, in which the role of one highly qualified specialist is comparable to the potential of a large corporation.
The information and communication revolution significantly expands the possibilities of cooperation associated with the "natural" boundaries of the implementation of the principle of direct democracy, on which the quality of its systemic organization is based.Until recently, the direct, "face-to-face" participation of cooperators in the management of an enterprise was a prerequisite for functioning and, thus, a natural limitation of its scale.With the development of online participation and control over the activities of institutions, the direct presence of the shareholder at collective meetings becomes optional.In addition, information connectivity makes the scale of consumer cooperatives [31] and their systems of market places, division of labor in production cooperation (especially focused on the creation of Soft or other IT products [18]) almost limitless.
It is important to note that the cooperative movement, being a form of consolidation and self-organization of the masses, is an integral part of civil society [38].From this point of view, the expansion and acquisition of the mass character of the cooperative segment of civil society increases the intensity of another megatrend of democratization of the world space.Moreover, the cooperative direction of democratization excludes the involvement of this process by a particular model of implementation, for example, a liberal-democratic one.The universality of direct democracy and the principles of the cooperative movement, excluding politicization and ideologization, allows avoiding contradictions in approaches and assessments of the implementation of democracy.
Cooperation can function successfully only as a form of self-organization of the population.This quality actualizes the problem of its relationship with the state [4].As already mentioned, it is impossible to deny the stimulating role of state policy in the socioeconomic process.In the case of cooperation, it can also play a constructive influence on the corporate segment of the public economy.However, contrary to the claims of many guardians of the cooperative cause, such influence has well-defined boundaries, the outline of which is determined by the already mentioned principle of direct democracy.Within the limits that violate the absoluteness of this principle, the state initiates the mutation of cooperation into a centralized structure.The experience of nationalization of cooperation is sufficiently represented by the Soviet period of its development in our country.Unfortunately, such domestic experience is not unique.

Conclusion
The adaptation of foreign practices of state support and programs for the development of a solidarity economy and cooperative organizations for Russia can be useful for stimulating the development of alternative forms of management and increasing the level of employment of the population.Here are some suggestions: 1. Creation of specialized financial mechanisms: The introduction of special funds or banks that would provide low-interest loans and grants for joint economic and cooperative projects.Such financial instruments will help entrepreneurs and organizations based on the principles of solidarity and cooperation to gain access to financing that would be difficult to obtain on the market.2. Support and consultation centers: Creation of a network of centers that would provide not only financial, but also legal, marketing and management support for solidary and cooperative enterprises.This will help new and existing organizations to get advice and assistance on management, marketing, finance and other areas.3. Educational programs: Development of training and advanced training programs for representatives of the solidarity economy and cooperative organizations.This will help to increase the level of knowledge and skills in the field of management, finance, marketing and other areas, which will make organizations sustainable and successful.4. Promotion and information support: Creation of information resources, marketing campaigns and events for the promotion of the SE cooperative organizations.This will help to raise public awareness about the advantages and opportunities of alternative forms of management and contributes to the creation of demand for the products and services of these organizations. 5. Regulatory framework: Development and improvement of legislation regulating the activities of the solidarity economy and cooperative organizations.It is necessary to create conditions that will allow organizations to be in the legal field and function effectively.6. Partnership with international organizations: Establishing partnerships with international organizations specializing in solidary economics and cooperatives can help in the exchange of experience and transfer of best practices.Such partnerships may include joint projects, training and consultations, as well as access to international financial resources.7. Tax benefits and incentives: The introduction of tax benefits and incentives for solidarity economy and cooperative organizations can reduce their financial burden and increase their competitiveness.Possible measures include exemption from income tax, reduction of tax rates, simplified tax procedures, etc. 8. Infrastructure development: Creating a social and technical infrastructure that supports a SE and cooperative organizations.This includes public spaces for collaboration, storage facilities for sharing, access to modern technologies and information systems.9. Expansion of the sector of cooperative organizations in strategic industries: Special attention should be paid to the development of cooperative organizations in strategic sectors of the economy, such as agriculture, manufacturing, energy and transport.This will strengthen economic stability and provide the population with high-quality goods and services at affordable prices.10.Monitoring and evaluation of results: It is important to carry out systematic monitoring and evaluation of the results of programs to support and develop the solidarity economy and cooperative organizations.This will help to determine the effectiveness of measures and make the necessary adjustments to achieve the goals.

Acknowledgements
The research was carried out at the expense of the grant of the Russian Science Foundation No.

Fig. 1 .
Fig. 1.Number of publications on cooperatives and the solidarity economy in Google Scholar 2018-2023, units 40.Compiled by the author

Fig. 2
Fig. 2 Type of publication on cooperatives and the solidarity economy in Google Scholar 2018-2023, % 40.Compiled by the author The areas of scientific work presented in Figure 3 indicate the applicability of the cooperative model to any branch of management.

Fig. 3
Fig. 3 Areas of research on cooperatives and the solidarity economy in Google Scholar 2018-2023, % 40.Compiled by the authorLet's consider the main topics of scientific works.The topic of the review of scientific research in the field of cooperative theory and practice is relevant.The work of Luo J. et al. is interesting here.The author points out that the number of scientific publications on agricultural cooperatives in the Western world is gradually increasing, especially in the last 10 years.Thematic keywords such as "cooperative organizations", "agriculture", "sustainability" and "governance" were the most frequently mentioned in the studies.The study also identified several main areas of research in this area, including the sustainability of agricultural cooperatives, agricultural policy, social entrepreneurship and innovation.It also stressed the importance of networking, governance and the role of government in the sustainable development of agricultural cooperatives[21].The topic of the theory of cooperative organization remains the most popular in the works of foreign authors.It deals with the history of the cooperative movement around the world[37],[9] Questions of the economic theory of cooperation[29],[30]. Issues of creation of various hybrids of cooperation and its new types and forms[16],[28].Research and comparisons of the cooperative and capitalist management models play an important role[17].The cooperative model has a unique organizational structure, but it also has some common features both with corporations (for example, commercial activity; presence in a competitive market; surpluses distributed among members/shareholders) and with non-profit associations (for example, social mission; property rights not related to invested capital; democratic decision-making structure solutions based on people, not capital)[25].The works concerning the problems of human capital development in cooperative organizations are gaining relevance.The cooperative movement is unthinkable today without competent leaders.Thus, the role of leadership qualities of members in the development of the cooperative movement is considered in the work of Simkhada N.R., Bhattarai P.C.[33].The authors identified four aspects of effective leadership:  The role model cooperator has dedication, confidence, respect and trust of society.He adheres to the code of conduct and rules, promotes teamwork, is aware of the collective mission and adheres to ethical values.In addition, he is able to instill pride, create a culture

4 .
Training and development: Support for the training and development of cooperative members plays a role in improving their professional skills and knowledge.Training may include technical and managerial skills and business knowledge[2].5. Financial sustainability: Cooperatives should have a financial base to support their activities and investments in development.This includes financial management, resource allocation and use, and support for access to finance.6.Technical equipment and technologies:The use of modern technical equipment and technologies makes it possible to optimize production processes in cooperative organizations.7. Market development and marketing: The management of cooperative organizations needs an understanding of the market and marketing strategies to promote products or services.

E3S
Web of Conferences 458, 05024 (2023) EMMFT-2023 https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/2023458050246. Social and cultural benefits: Working in a cooperative contributes to the development of fair and solidary working relationships.Cooperatives strive for social responsibility and consideration of the needs of their members and the surrounding community.

Fig. 4 .
Fig. 4.A word cloud made up of the titles of publications by foreign authors in the Google Scholar[40]