Russian determinants of the development and implementation of a strategy for the growth of national competitiveness

. The paper examines the conditions and conceptual principles of the strategy for increasing Russia's competitive advantages in the context of current trends in the world economy, the requirements for ensuring long-term economic progress and the priority of national economic security. A classification of countries was carried out according to the level of their competitiveness, which made it possible to characterize the structure of modern world economic interactions, tactical and strategic guidelines for international competition and public policy; conceptual principles of state policy for increasing competitiveness have been developed, based on the consolidation of the efforts of the state, business and society, differentiation of state policy, which made it possible to highlight practical recommendations for the development of a domestic strategy for increasing competitiveness, taking into account modern trends


Introduction
Against the backdrop of increasing competitiveness becoming the most important guideline for the strategic development of macroeconomic systems in the world in the context of intensifying global competition, the issue of determining their competitive advantages, their internal interaction, and the peculiarities of formation both at the expense of national and externally acquired resources becomes relevant and timely.
An additional factor in updating the research topic is also the fact that the results of numerous shocks experienced by the Russian economy in the 90s associated with the rapid transition from a closed, self-sufficient economy to a relatively open economy, including a low standard of living, the shadow economy, external debt, problems of budget and sustainable development are largely derived from low competitiveness.
The Russian authorities presented the problem of forming new and developing existing competitive advantages while maintaining the trend of integration of our country into the world economy as the most important strategic guideline, the effectiveness of achieving which in the future will determine not only the rate of economic progress of Russia, the level of social stability, but also the role of the domestic economic system in world economic processes.
The purpose of the study is to highlight the principles of theorizing a national strategy for increasing global competitiveness, based on identifying competitiveness factors, quantitative and qualitative analysis of the competitive advantages of the world's largest economic systems.
Research objectives -determine the principles and tools for implementing state policy in the field of increasing competitive advantages; -assess Russia's competitive advantages in the modern world economy, the priorities of its further progress, taking into account trends in the world economy and the principles of economic security and economic efficiency; -based on international experience, the results of an assessment of the current economic situation in Russia, highlight a number of practical recommendations regarding the implementation of state policy to stimulate national competitiveness.

Literature review
The problem of determining the factors of competitiveness of countries in the world economy has been actively studied since the second half of the last century, when the formation of a new type of international competition, characterized by the acquisition of global advantages of "unnatural origin" by Japan, European countries, and NIS, became apparent.Since the 1950s, a large number of foreign economists, sociologists, cultural scientists, as well as management science theorists have been dealing with the problems of implementing a strategy for increasing competitiveness; developments have been carried out initiated by national governments and public organizations.
The theoretical justification for the strategy of increasing competitiveness in the context of globalization of the world economy and transnationalization of production processes was given in the works [10][11][12][13][14][15] The impact of scientific and technological progress, innovative modernization, modern trends in consumer markets on the content of modern competition, and with it, on the factors of competitiveness of macroeconomic systems, has been studied [16][17][18][19].
The possibility of using mathematical and statistical methods in a comprehensive assessment of the competitive advantages of countries with further development based on data from calculations of national economic policies is demonstrated in annual studies of countries conducted by the Institute of International Business, the World Economic Forum, and the World Bank.
At the same time, despite extensive research into the problems associated with the formation and development of country competitiveness, issues related to the deformation of the competitive advantages of countries under the influence of modern economic trends, the process of accumulation by the national economic system of a set of global advantages, including at the expense of external resources, the reverse impact competitiveness of countries on the structure and content of world economic interactions, the solution of which also contributes to the theorization of the domestic strategy for increasing competitiveness, requires additional theoretical justification and applied developments.

Russia in global competitiveness rankings
Like companies in any market, countries also compete with each other: for the influx of investment, talent, innovation, and for the presence of competitive business within the country.Special analytical agencies assess the competitiveness of countries.
There are only two of them: the World Economic Forum (Global Competitiveness Index) and the Swiss Institute of Management Development.Previously, they jointly produced a single report where they assessed countries in terms of their competitiveness.
But in 1996, the WEF and IMD stopped collaborating and began producing separate reports that rank countries using different methodologies.
For example, the Institute of Management in Lausanne understands the competitiveness of a country as the ability of the country's economy to create and maintain an environment in which competitive business arises.IMD  The analytical group of the World Economic Forum (WEF) annually publishes a rating of global competitiveness (The Global Competitiveness Index).This study demonstrates which countries have the best business development and the extent to which they are able to compete with other countries for market position and potential investment.
The competitiveness rankings are based on a combination of publicly available statistics and results from the CEO Survey, an extensive annual study conducted by the World Economic Forum together with a network of partner organizations -leading research institutes and companies in the countries analyzed in the report.In Russia, a new paradigm of economic development has taken shape, which is based on the concept of "country competitiveness", meanwhile, with all its external attractiveness, this idea has turned into a typical political slogan, devoid of economic and theoretical justification, a tool to divert attention from pressing economic reforms.Increasing competitiveness in Russia is openly used to increase the level of protectionism in the industry, but unlike other states, Russia is increasingly using it to justify greater state intervention in economic activity and to build a structure of relations that allows the state to run business.
In connection with existing problems, there is an obvious need to transform the state strategy for increasing competitiveness into a set of strategies aimed at external and internal guidelines, based on the growth of social well-being and high competition within the country, considering international, inter-industry, intra-industry interactions, relations arising in the process of consumption, involving the consolidation of efforts of the state, business and society.
In the structure of measures taken by the state to stimulate the growth of domestic competitiveness, four key areas can be identified -general economic conditions, foreign trade policy, as well as industry support and support for inter-industry interaction within the framework of the implementation of the regional cluster approach.
The overall modernization of the business regime within the national economic system requires improved taxation (restoration of the investment benefit for income tax, orientation of depreciation policy to intensify the renewal of fixed assets), a reduction in administrative barriers, a change in the emphasis of antimonopoly policy towards countering the abuse of a monopoly position, an effective diplomatic policy to increase competitiveness.
Industry measures, depending on the scope of application, include measures in the field of customs and tariff policy, infrastructure development, public procurement policy in the interests of industrial development, active support for innovation, including the development of mechanisms for equity financing of highly effective innovative projects, support and incentives for investors by providing guarantees collateral reserves for real assets, development of leasing of unique scientific equipment.
Intersectoral measures should be aimed at increasing the internal and external competitiveness of industries through the development of clusters that can turn a group of companies into the core of industrial development.Territorial industrial clusters provide firms with a high degree of specialization; in cluster structures access to capital is possible; the proximity of a large number of firms implies the exchange of ideas and the transfer of knowledge from specialists from firms in the cluster starting their own business.
To develop clusters in Russia, it is necessary to remove barriers to local competition; organization of relevant government bodies around the cluster; concentrating efforts to attract foreign investment; creating specialized training and retraining programs, building research work at local universities to develop cluster-related technologies, supporting the collection and processing of information related to the activities of the cluster, improving specialized transport infrastructure and communications.
In foreign economic policy, in order to increase its own competitiveness, Russia must stimulate exports and implement import substitution strategies.
World experience shows that export stimulation occurs in two main ways: through the formation of a favorable macroeconomic climate and the creation of the necessary incentives for producers and exporters to export.
The choice of one or another export promotion scheme should be made taking into account the presence of internal restrictions and external barriers to the development of exports; identifying economic sectors that are most promising from an export point of view; the possibilities of one or another method of stimulating exports; comparing the benefits of export promotion in the future with the costs associated with such stimulation (in some cases, the country simply does not have the funds to implement an export promotion policy); identification of countries for which specific export promotion schemes can be used.
The role of the state in the process of import substitution should not be to identify socalled "priority" industries with the risk of wasting budget funds, but to stimulate interest among business circles in diversifying activities, in producing new or higher quality goods in Russia than before.
The implementation of a set of proposed measures within the framework of the strategy for increasing the national competitiveness of Russia, which has now become the mainstream of state policy, can help overcome the negative impact of external and intraeconomic conditions associated, first of all, with the resource-based orientation of the economy, the low investment attractiveness of its industries, the high level of state participation and bureaucratization, exhaustion of resources for innovative growth, and so on; will stimulate structural and substantive transformations in the domestic economic system in order to change the current positioning of our country in the international division of labor, global competition, which clearly does not correspond to the requirements of Russia's economic progress, or the priorities of its economic sovereignty, or resource and technological potential.

Сonclusions
The basis for the theoretical justification of the concept of a country's competitiveness was the ideas about world trade of A. Smith and D. Ricardo.With the changes that occurred in the structure of the world economy in the second half of the twentieth century, scientific approaches began to take shape based on the high dynamism of factors of country competitiveness and the possibility of accumulating the latter within the boundaries of any macroeconomic system.The reasons for this are the increase in the formation of competitive advantages of the state of innovation, high-quality market infrastructure, economic regime, and investment attractiveness.The successful functioning of the socalled "consumer societies" in the 1980s focuses on the determinism of a country's competitiveness by the quality of its domestic consumption, the fairness of the intra-system distribution of consumer value, and the stability of the social structure.In light of the influence of internal economic and social characteristics that determines the pace of generation and commercialization of innovations (included in the structure of the main factors of national competitiveness by Porter in the 1950s), the role of the latter as a competitive advantage in the global trend of innovative modernization is only increasing.
Considering the current content of country competitiveness, we can highlight its manifestations related to domestic management and foreign economic activity.The first include quantitative and qualitative indicators of domestic demand, which in the structure of modern macroeconomics acquires critical importance, becoming the main resource of economic progress.Determined by the amount of income per capita, the tax regime, the quality of market infrastructure, the effectiveness of government regulation, including overcoming the problems of unemployment, the distribution of income between categories of citizens, the implementation of social programs, domestic demand determines the pace of innovative modernization of the country's national economic system, affecting the efficiency of the generation and commercialization processes national innovations.
Foreign economic manifestations of the country's competitiveness (the dynamics of export-import operations, their quality, determined by the geography of operations and the structure of trade items, the amount of external debt, investment attractiveness, positioning in the international division of labor, balance of payments) interact with each other in a complex manner, influencing each other as stimulating and limiting influence.An analysis of the manifestations of a country's competitiveness allows us to judge the objectivity, dynamism, and adjustability of this indicator of national socio-economic development, and the relevance in the process of stimulating its growth of both the internal characteristics of the national economic system and foreign economic guidelines.
The analysis of the country's competitiveness factors allows us to rank them into three groups: natural, which the state is endowed with for objective reasons; infrastructure, the development of which is directly determined by the content of national economic policy; and determined by high domestic consumption, which can further stimulate the innovative progress of the state, form the resource of national producers, and transform international competition.The role of the three types of production factors has changed with changes in global conditions, under the influence of the main world economic trends of the last two centuries.Depending on the structure of competitiveness factors, each country can be classified into one of three types.
A state's position at the top of the global three-level pyramid of competitiveness does not mean that it possesses only competitive advantages related to internal demand.It is argued that in the process of its development, provided that both the activation of domestic demand and integration into the world economy are included in the key spaces of government interests, the macroeconomic system does not transform the set of competitiveness factors, but summarizes them using transnational production and distribution systems that have the ability to provide direct access to the natural competitive advantages (for example, economic-geographical location or natural resources) of third countries.This stimulates the separation of the economic system from competitors, aggravates the problem of international competition in relations with countries of peripheral development, and differentiates foreign economic policy.
The classification of countries into three types depending on the structure of their competitive advantages is also important, determining the content of global competition, any interactions between states, as well as prognostic significance.The three-level nature of the modern world economy determines the structure, direction and intensity of world trade, segments international competition, based on the impossibility of the latter between countries located at different levels of the global competitiveness pyramid.Thus, countries of the first level compete with each other for resources, of the second -for attracting mobile factors of production, of the third -for markets for the sales of their own homogeneous products related to the exploitation of natural resources.In this connection, the optimal option for the development of the national economic system appears only in connection with the possibilities of its transition to a higher level of competitiveness, which, thanks to market instruments, the growth of entry barriers artificially stimulated by the leading countries in innovative industries and their own consumer markets, implemented by foreign economic strategies for technological leadership and global innovation monitoring are becoming more complex every year.
The analysis of the factors of competitiveness of modern national economic systems confirms the growth in the mobilization of competitive advantages associated with infrastructure (due to the growth in the volume of migrating capital, information, skilled labor) and natural resources (due to the spread of transnational business).In this connection, the main factor of competitiveness, deprived of the possibility of interstate migration, is only domestic demand, the protection and stimulation of which are elevated to the rank of strategic guidelines for the national policy of both the leading countries and the most successful pursuers.Taking into account the social characteristics of a consumer society and the duration of the process of forming high domestic demand, in many countries of the world original models of rapid transition to the first level of competitiveness are being implemented.For example, through encouraging the development of a two-tier (local population and foreign migrants) social system in the UAE, through stimulating the growth of individual territories and cities -potential drivers of national progress -in China.
The actualization of domestic consumption as a factor in the country's competitiveness in modern conditions requires, in the process of implementing national policy, the consolidation of the efforts of the state, business and society, the transformation of governments and corporations into full partners within the framework of innovative methods of public-private cooperation (becoming the object of government programs to support non-industry , and individuals whose indicators correspond to the strategic guidelines of the country, corporations), and its own population -as the main consumers and stimulators of internal competition, without which the state will never be able to accumulate competitive advantages in the world market.
Despite the existing arguments against the state's implementation of policies to stimulate the growth of the country's competitiveness, due to the urgent needs of modernization of the domestic economic system, its inertia, focus on the extraction and export of natural raw materials, weaknesses in its structure of innovative entrepreneurship, the need to implement a set of government measures aimed at stimulating domestic competitiveness, no doubt.The directions for implementing the latter should include general economic conditions, sectoral measures, optimization of interaction between industries within the framework of regional and intersectoral clustering, and the country's foreign economic strategies aimed at stimulating exports and effective import substitution.

Table 1 .
annually releases a huge report called The IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook, in which each state is assessed based on an analysis of 333 criteria, which can be roughly grouped into 4 types: o State of the economy.o Government efficiency.o State of the business environment.o Infrastructure condition.All 4 categories equally influence the overall level of competitiveness of the country (Tab 1).Russia in the competitiveness ranking (IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook)

Table 2 .
Russia in the global competitiveness ranking (according to The Global Competitiveness