Models for monitoring the implementation of environmental projects of enterprises in the region

. The article discusses models for monitoring and controlling the implementation of environmental projects for enterprises in the region of the Russian Federation. The analysis of existing regulatory legal acts in relation to the implementation of environmental projects for enterprises of the Russian Federation is carried out. To solve the problems of environmental safety, a monitoring model is proposed – "Ecology. 1C-KSU: Environmental Protection", which can accumulate all the data on eco-components and thereby help track the effectiveness of environmental projects. This model helps to automatically analyze and show the qualitative state of the studied environmental monitoring objects. The monitoring results contain high-quality analytics on the implementation of environmental projects for enterprises in the region and contribute to reducing the cost of compiling accounting documentation.


Introduction
The relevance of the topic is due to the fact that in Russia every year such a type of travel as agritourism (rural tourism) In accordance with the laws and departmental norms in force in Russia , any industrial activity that affects the state of the environment must be accompanied by environmental control and monitoring, so systematic observations of the sources of anthropogenic impact, the level of pollution of environmental components, the impact of pollution on the state of biological objects [4].
The environmental monitoring system should be able to interconnect the received in-kind data on individual sections and areas of knowledge in order to obtain the most realistic picture of the changes in the state of the environment for the development of operational safety measures [5].
In various regions of Russia, separate modules or projects of GIS modules have been developed, which have limited functionality and are not adapted to solve the problems of other regions and regions [6].Such examples can be the research of A. Y. Ivanov and V. V. Zatalova [6] in the field of GIS application in monitoring oil spills in the marine environment.It is also possible to note GIS for the Tyumen region described by A. A. Tigeev [7].
The use of regional GIS is necessary in the work of management and environmental organizations for the purpose of optimizing environmental management.The data of the regional GIS have found application in the development of numerous field development projects and pipeline laying in the north of Western Siberia [8].
Modern monitoring systems are currently the most accessible means of environmental quality control and management for a city with a developed industry and transport infrastructure.The objectives of the creation and development of environmental monitoring systems are the fullest possible information support for management decisions in the field of environmental protection and improvement, integration of environmental information received by various departments, and the introduction of modern computational and analytical methods for a comprehensive assessment of the state of the city's environment [9].
For a long time, legislative measures were considered sufficient to maintain a normal environmental situation, but later, with the emergence of new problems, there was an urgent need to bring ecology to the fore.For this purpose, the national project "Ecology" was launched in Russia from 2019 to 2024 [15], aimed at effective management of production and consumption waste; cardinal reduction of atmospheric air pollution in large industrial centers; improvement of drinking water quality for the population.
At the same time, there is currently no unified system of operational environmental monitoring of natural and anthropogenic complexes in many regions of Russia.There are only disparate systems of operational or conditionally operational monitoring of the state of the environment.There is a need to consolidate the existing centers for receiving, storing and processing data from both remote sensing of the Earth (remote sensing) and ground-based observations in order to create a single accessible environmental monitoring system.This task can be solved by creating a single center for collecting, storing and processing information from ground surveillance sources and materials.Subsequently, with the introduction of these data into geoinformation systems (GIS) that support modern cartographic information and WEB technologies, it becomes possible to assess the state of the natural environment in real time, which ultimately makes it possible to respond promptly to emerging negative impacts and develop optimal administrative and managerial decisions at various levels of the executive power of the region.

Materials and methods
In Russia, the Unified State Environmental Monitoring System was created on the basis of the territorial-departmental principle of construction, which provides for the maximum using the capabilities of existing state and departmental systems for monitoring the state of the environment, sources of anthropogenic impact, natural resources, ecosystems.Basic and specialized monitoring subsystems and subsystems for ensuring the functioning of the system as a whole are distinguished in the USEMS.
According to the legislation of Russia, the main objects of environmental monitoring: -natural environments (atmospheric air, land surface waters, sea waters, soil and land cover, landscapes, geological environment); -sources of anthropogenic impact that lead to the entry into the environment of toxic, dangerous and environmentally harmful substances (wastewater, industrial emissions, etc.), to a change in the prevailing or natural state of natural environments, a change in the landscape of territories; -natural resources (water, land, forest and other biological); -environmental factors (noise, thermal pollution, physical fields) [5].

Results
The key environmental problems in Russia are associated with the predominance of industrial production in the economy, the industrialization of the country's regions has had an extremely negative impact on the state of the environment [5]: 1.The combustion of automobile fuel, the burning of wood, oil, gas and coal worsen the state of the atmosphere.Harmful substances in the form of acid rain pollute reservoirs and the earth, destroy the ozone layer.
2. Uncontrolled deforestation leads to a greenhouse effect, displacement of many species of flora and fauna, disruption of the water cycle in nature.
3. Household and industrial waste pollute soils and water.Every year the rivers and lakes of Russia are polluted by chemical industry waste.In the end, all this can lead to a shortage of drinking water in the country.
4. On average, 400 kg of household waste comes to every inhabitant of Russia every year.There are very few enterprises in the country that are engaged in waste recycling.
5. Most nuclear power plants use outdated equipment.Insufficient disposal of radioactive waste leads to environmental pollution.
6. Poaching and destruction of protected areas.
In Russia, environmental problems annually provoke several thousand deaths and several million cases of diseases: malignant neoplasms, respiratory, digestive and other diseases [6].
All objects that have a negative impact on the environment, depending on the level of such impact, are divided into four categories (Clause 1 of Article 4.2 of the Federal Law "On Environmental Protection"): -objects that have a significant negative impact on the environment and relate to the areas of application of the best available technologies, -objects of category I; -objects that have a moderate negative impact on the environment -objects of category II; -objects that have a minor negative impact on the environment -objects of category III; -objects that have minimal negative impact on the environment -objects of category IV.
Figure 1 shows the severity of environmental problems in the regions of the Russian Federation.
The Krasnoyarsk region has one of the worst indicators of the ecological situation among all regions of Russia.The presence of a significant amount of minerals in the region entails the development of industry, which causes severe harm to both nature and the population.In terms of emissions of harmful substances into the atmospheric air from stationary sources, the Krasnoyarsk region (Norilsk Nickel) is the undisputed "leader".In the Russian Federation, the largest contribution to environmental pollution is made by the electric power industry (26.8%), non-ferrous metallurgy (22.5%), ferrous metallurgy (15.8%), oil production (9.0%), oil refining (5.1%), coal (3.8%), gas (3.1%) and mechanical engineering (3.1%).In order to reduce the negative impact on the ecology of the region, enterprises of the Krasnoyarsk region are implementing the following environmental projects: 1. Joint Stock Company "Russian Aluminum" (hereinafter -"Rusal") "Rusal" is the first Russian company that has joined the UNDP to participate in the international program to minimize the risks of climate change and has made voluntary commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.In this regard, the company has introduced an internal environmental impact assessment of all new investment projects without exception.By 2025, carbon dioxide emissions (in equivalent) at "Rusal" aluminum plants will be reduced by 15%, at alumina enterprises -by 10% (compared to the level of 2014).
"Rusal" strives to minimize the volume of waste from alumina and aluminum production, improves the technology of their storage and disposal.In the regions where "Rusal" operates, it actively participates in programs for the conservation of natural resources and biological diversity.In particular, they provide for constant monitoring of the environment and anthropogenic impact on ecosystems, reclamation of disturbed lands, planting of green spaces, stocking of reservoirs.Every year, "Rusal" increases investments in environmental protection activities in accordance with the strategic goals defined by the company's environmental policy.In 2018, the total amount of funds spent on planned environmental measures exceeded $ 200 million.
The main directions of "Rusal"'s environmental activities: 1. Modernization of production, equipping enterprises with new modern equipment.
2. Development and implementation of new eco-friendly production technologies.
3. The introduction of new environmentally efficient capacities.4. Arrangement of sanitary protection zones.5. Research activities.6. Educational programs.2. PJSC "Polyus", the largest gold producer in Russia, is the only Russian company admitted to the International Council for Mining and Metals (ICMM), which promotes the principles of sustainable development (it also includes BHP Billiton, Rio Tinto, Barrick, etc.).As part of ICMM, the company participated in the development of a standard for the construction of tailings dumps.Since 2019, the disposal of certain types of plastic waste has been prohibited in Russia, and "Polyus" pays special attention to their handling.In the reporting year, a number of projects on waste management of the Olympiad deposit were launched.

Public Joint Stock
Company "Federal Hydrogenerating Company -"RusHydro" (hereinafter -"RusHydro", the largest hydrogenerating company in Russia, together with the Sayano-Shushenskiy Nature Reserve is implementing a project to restore the snow leopard population in the Krasnoyarsk region.As part of the project to restore the snow leopard population, it is planned to create a scientific and practical laboratory on the territory of the Sayano-Shushensky Nature Reserve.The laboratory will help to quickly draw up mapsdiagrams of individual habitat areas of individuals and, based on these data, collect material about the biology and ecology of the snow leopard.The information will help to adjust the system of protection of animal habitats in the reserve.
4. LLC "Siberian Generating Company" is an energy holding company, part of the "SUEK" Group of Companies, operates in the Altai Territory, Kemerovo Region, Krasnoyarsk region, Novosibirsk Region, Sverdlovsk Region, Primorsky Territory, the Republic of Khakassia and the Republic of Tuva.
The main activities are the production of heat and electricity, the transmission and supply of heat and hot water to consumers.Figure 2 shows the environmental program of the company "SGC" in Krasnoyarsk region.Thus, it can be concluded that large industrial enterprises of the Krasnoyarsk region seek to minimize damage to nature and the population of the region through their environmental projects and environmental monitoring.
Environmental monitoring is a multi-level information system covering the monitoring of the entire cycle of anthropogenic impacts from sources of impact to the reaction of individual natural environments and complex ecological systems.Figure 3  For an integrated approach to determining the permissible levels of impact on the body, population, ecosystem, biosphere as a whole, it is necessary to know the critical indicators and links characterizing the state of ecosystems.Much attention should be paid to the methods of mathematical modeling.Such modeling is based on the principle of multilevelness [6].A mathematical model is one of the ways to monitor the implementation of environmental projects.It is a way to study environmental phenomena by studying processes that have different physical contents, but they are described by the same mathematical relationships.An important point is the compilation of a mathematical model based on a formalized (meaningful) scheme of the studied phenomenon.At the same time, information directly characterizing the object of observation is highlighted, the goals and objectives of the study are set with a list of the required values and requirements for them, initial conditions are set.To monitor the state of the atmosphere, such modern programs as ANCOS AG, SCAT, and the mobile laboratory "Atmosphere" are widely used.These programs continuously and automatically measure pollutants in the air.
Based on the analysis, it was revealed that one of the main problems of monitoring the implementation of environmental projects is the weak connectivity of individual subsystems for monitoring the quality of environmental objects (water, air, soil).In order to conduct a comprehensive analysis of all the components of the environment.it is proposed to use -"Ecology.1C-KSU: Environmental Protection".This program has the capabilities to automate the processes of accounting, planning, control and formation of the necessary corporate and analytical reporting on environmental safety and environmental protection in accordance with the requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation, industry and corporate specifics.
It should be concluded that the model of monitoring the implementation of environmental projects of enterprises in the region "Ecology.1C-KSU: Environmental Protection" in combination with other solutions that help obtaining data on the state of all eco-components, helps to obtain high-quality analytics on the progress of environmental projects, as well as reduce the cost of employees compiling reports on each environmental monitoring object

Conclusion
Enterprises of the Krasnoyarsk region make a significant contribution to improving the environmental situation in the region, which is one of the most polluted places in Russia."Rusal" uses electricity from renewable sources; "Polyus" is building a waste recycling and recycling complex; "RusHydro" is restoring the snow leopard population, "SGK" is modernizing heating networks and infrastructure.
It is obvious that all enterprises, including those implementing environmental projects, need to carry out constant environmental monitoring and production control using the integrated program "Ecology.1C-KSU: Environmental Protection".The proposed model help to monitor the level of pollution of eco-components and the implementation of environmental projects, as well as predict and prevent critical situations.

Fig. 1 .
Fig.1.Severity of environmental problems in the regions of Russia[9]

Fig. 2 .
Fig. 2. Characteristics of the environmental program of the company "SGC» in Krasnoyarsk[7]

Fig. 3 .
Fig. 3. Block diagram of the environmental monitoring system