Application of a scientific method to the calculation of environmental and economic damage from a brick factory

. The brick factory is located in the village of Gubskaya, Krasnodar Krai. It is engaged in the production of bricks and has a certain impact on the environment. The purpose of the work is to assess the impact on the environment. The location was analyzed, positive and negative sides were noted. The production process is described, the natural and climatic characteristics are analyzed. Environmental and economic damage is calculated. The calculation of the amount of prevented environmental and economic damage from polluted water bodies in the village of Gubskaya, Krasnodar Krai was made


Introduction
The research was carried out in the village of Gubskaya, Krasnodar Krai.The Gubsky brick factory conducts its production activities in the Krasnodar Krai, in the village of Gubskaya.Relative to the region, the factory is located in the south-eastern part, in the Mostovsky district.The operation of this enterprise lasts a little more than 26 years.
Regarding the village of Gubskaya, the factory is located in the north-eastern part.According to the cadastral map, the brick factory is located in the category of settlements land where production activities are allowed.The fire department is located 350 m to the west of the factory.On the north side, the river Gryaznushka flows 500 m away from the brick factory, and the river Gubs flows 700 m south of the industrial enterprise.To the northwest, 350 m from the industrial enterprise, is the residential sector of the village of Gubskaya.To the north, 30 m from the brick factory, there is Lenin Street with heavy traffic.

Research material
The Gubsky brick factory has been manufacturing bricks since 1996 (Marketing website, http://www.azsx.ru/293.html).The process of making bricks at the Gubsky factory has not changed since the first fired bricks were produced at this enterprise.The stages used then are still used today, but with improvements.At this plant, the following stages of brick production are carried out: extraction and transportation of clay raw materials, clay fixing, enrichment, mixing and shaping, drying, firing and cooling.
The clays used in brick making today are more varied than those used by the first brick makers.Digging, mining and various grinding methods allow the modern manufacturer to use many types of raw materials.
The local deposits of clay used in the manufacture of bricks are a wide range of materials that include varying percentages of silica and alumina.They can be divided into three classes: surface clay, shales and chamotte clay.
During the beneficiation stage, the raw clays are mixed to obtain a more uniform consistency.At this stage, the clay material is crushed to eliminate large stones or lumps of clay and bring them to a usable size.The material is then transferred to secondary grinders and screens (if required) to ensure the optimum particle size for mixing with water.In some processes, such as soft slurry making, the clay is fed directly into the mixing zone, eliminating any grinding, sieving and mixing [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10].
The mixing and shaping stage is characterized by mixing all the clay with water and then shaping it into bricks.The amount of water added depends on the nature of the clay materials and their plasticity.This water is removed during drying and firing, which causes the pieces to shrink.To compensate for this shrinkage, molds are made larger than required to produce finished products.The clay is then sent to a screw extruder to form a clay column, which is cut into brick molds (Figure 1).After forming the bricks, they are sent to the next stage -drying.This step is necessary in order to remove as much free water from the clay bricks as possible.Drying of bricks is carried out in drier kilns with controlled temperature, draft and humidity.
In the next manufacturing step, the bricks are fired and cooled in kilns capable of maintaining temperatures between 870°C and 1100°C, depending on the type of raw material.
The bricks are stacked in so-called batch ovens with sufficient air space so that the heat from the fire reaches all surfaces.They are stacked directly from the dryer, and the heat is gradually increased until the optimum firing temperature is reached.When they are sufficiently fired, the heat is reduced and they are allowed to cool gradually before being removed from the kiln.
The efficiency of a batch kiln is increased by arranging several kilns in line with the connecting passages.The first chamber is fired first, and the excess heat is transferred to the next chamber to start heating.Successively, the various chambers are brought to optimum firing and cooling temperatures until all bricks have been fired and cooled.
Processing of finished products has been automated to the extent that bricks exiting the kiln are now automatically stacked in packages of approximately 500 pieces, stored, shipped and delivered by mechanical equipment.
Bricks from the Gubsky brick factory are in demand.The color of bricks produced by this factory has the following palette of colors: beige, carrot, brown, peach and apricot (Fig. 2).They are used in the construction of partitions, walls and building cladding.-From the north side -102 m to the street.Lenin; -From the northeast side -182 m to residential buildings; -From the east side -300 m to residential buildings; -From the south-east side -300 m to residential buildings; -From the south side -300 m to residential buildings; -From the southwest side -205 m to the fire station; -From the western side -210 m to residential buildings; -From the northwest side -250 m to residential buildings.The climate in the village of Gubskaya is characterized by the features of the temperate climate zone.In summer, the average air temperature reaches 31°C, and in winter +5°C (Table 1) (Weather information website, https://world-weather.ru/pogoda/russia/gubskaya/).The amount of annual precipitation in a year, on average, varies from 380 to 800 mm.The terrain in the village of Gubskaya belongs to the foothill type.The height of the mountains above sea level reaches up to 1500 m.The mountain ranges are located on the southern and southwestern sides of the village of Gubskaya.They protect the village from winds with mentioned directions (Table 2).The soil resources of the village of Gubskaya include such types of soils as chernozem: ordinary, typical, leached, chestnut and mountainous.
The regional flora is characterized by the presence of more than 2500 plant species.The most numerous are oaks, chestnuts, viburnums, birches, aspens and maples.The rarest and listed in the Red Book are the following plant species: Greek juniper (Juniperus excelsa);

Colchis fig (Ficus carica) and Colchis boxwood (Buxus colchica).
Due to the presence of forage resources, a large number of fauna representatives are concentrated in the area.Among which the most common are wild pigs, wolves, foxes, hares, snakes and lizards.The following species of animals are the rarest and listed in the Red Book: Dinnik's viper (Vipera dinniki); bearded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus); white scavenger vulture (Neophron percnopterus); lynx (Lynx lynx), etc.
The village of Gubskaya is diverse in its hydrogeology.There are both underground and surface water sources.Underground springs include deposits of mineral waters.Surface sources are the Gryaznushka and Gubs rivers.These rivers belong to the Kuban basin district.The discharge area of the rivers is 19.6 km 2 and 250 km 2 , respectively.Both rivers are of the flat type.Nourishment of the rivers is mixed.
The population of the village of Gubskaya complain about dust, construction noises and vibrations from the brick factory.The combination of air temperature, precipitation in the village of Gubskaya and emissions from the Gubsky brick factory can lead to the formation of acid rain, which negatively affects the biota of the hydrological objects of the village.

Results and discussion
As a result of the production activities of the Gubsky brick factory, such pollutants as nitrogen, chlorine, fluorine, iron and suspended solids (organic and inorganic dust) are emitted into the atmosphere.Due to the predominance of northern, northwestern and northeastern winds in the village in summer and winter, all pollutants are directed towards the Gubs River (Fig. 3).This composition of pollutants can cause environmental and economic damage to this water body.where ∆m i -gross volume of reduced pollutant discharge by the i-th attribute, t; М -reduced mass of pollutants, t;   -coefficient of conditional environmental and economic hazard of the discharge for the i-th pollutant, taken from the reference data; ∑ м -the total reduced mass of pollutants for the calculated period equal to one year, c.t.; К e w -the coefficient of the ecological situation and the ecological significance of natural resources, for the Kuban is 1.9.
According to the calculation, for the period under review equal to 1 year, the environmental damage to the Gubs River may amount to 164,801.35 rubles.

Fig. 2 .
Fig. 2. Finished products of the Gubsky brick factory The Gubsky brick factory has the boundaries of the sanitary protection zone established in accordance with Sanitary Regulations and Standards SanPiN 2.2.1/2.1.1.1200-03"Sanitary protection zones and sanitary classification of enterprises, structures and other objects".They have the following definitions:-From the north side -102 m to the street.Lenin; -From the northeast side -182 m to residential buildings; -From the east side -300 m to residential buildings; -From the south-east side -300 m to residential buildings; -From the south side -300 m to residential buildings; -From the southwest side -205 m to the fire station; -From the western side -210 m to residential buildings; -From the northwest side -250 m to residential buildings.The climate in the village of Gubskaya is characterized by the features of the temperate climate zone.In summer, the average air temperature reaches 31°C, and in winter +5°C (Table1) (Weather information website, https://world-weather.ru/pogoda/russia/gubskaya/).The amount of annual precipitation in a year, on average, varies from 380 to 800 mm.

Fig. 3 .
Fig. 3. Wind roses of the village of Gubskaya for the summer and winter periods of 2022 D est w -the value of the estimated environmental and economic damage to water bodies in the Krasnodar Krai for one year, rub; D sp b -the base indicator of specific damage for the Krasnodar Krai, RUB/c.t., equal to 62.1 RUB/c.t.;

Table 1 .
Average air temperatures in the village of Gubskaya for 2022Indicator Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Table 2 .
Wind direction in summer and winter periods in the village of Gubskaya for 2022

Table 3 .
Calculation of the amount of prevented environmental and economic damage from polluted water bodies in the village of Gubskaya, Krasnodar KraiIn this table, m i1 ; mi2; m i new ; midp is the volume of pollutant discharges at the beginning of the period under review, at the end of the period under review, from new enterprises, and the volume of pollutant discharge resulting from a decrease in production, respectively, (Resolution of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation of May 23, 2008 №31 "On establishing the size of the sanitary protection zone of the property complex of Novoroscement JSC in the city of Novorossiysk, Krasnodar Territory"./docs.cntd.ru/document/8465807(accessed 15 May 2022)).The values of ∆m i , K ei and М are calculated by the formulas: