Concept of the "modified reality" for the sustainable development and environmental technologies

. The new concept named "Modified Reality" is discussed in this article. Sustainable development and environmental technologies will be important applications of the proposed concept. The proposed concept is focused on providing services in a user-friendly manner. In principle, the proposed solutions can be considered as an extension of the functionality defined by the concepts of "Augmented Reality" and "Virtual Reality". Nevertheless, a number of features that led to the introduction of the term "Modified Reality" make it possible to single out this direction of further development of the telecommunication and information systems into a subject of independent research.


Introduction
Recently there have been an increasing number of conference reports and publications devoted to the concepts of "Augmented Reality" and "Virtual Reality" [1 -10].The activities of the International Telecommunication Union in this area should also be noted [11,12].The implementation of the ideas conveyed by the augmented and virtual reality opens up new functional possibilities on the market of informational communication services, which, as it appears, are going to be in demand by a particular range of users.The necessity to use additional gadgets makes the augmented and virtual reality services popular, predominantly among the relatively young users.
It would be interesting to analyze the informational services, including those which are supported by augmented and virtual reality hardware and software, from the point of view of the so-called client-oriented economy [13].Companies which include the communication services providers and service delivery units are considered to be clientoriented if they comply with the five main criteria listed in point [13].In the context of the concepts presented further in this article resulting from these conditions, it is essential to emphasize the following postulate: "Business processes are governed by the client requirements".In regard to the informational communication market, the condition presented in point [14] is understood as the user's possibility to receive services in a convenient form and with all the desired features.
Selecting the convenient form and desired features presumes that the reality not only could be augmented or virtualized, but also altered.With this in mind, it is necessary to introduce the term "Modified Reality".As a result, there are four types of reality coexisting simultaneously as presented on Figure 1.The name of the lower block in the proposed diagram was selected as such due to the fact that practically each user assumes that they are interacting with an objectively existing reality.The presented article further discusses the key points of "Augmented Reality".The main emphasis is put on the new functional capabilities which are connected with (soundand television-) broadcasting as well as with obtaining information through the Internet.The listed functional capabilities are defined by the interconnections which are labeled with an arrow under number 2 in Figure 1.Similar processes connected with the augmented and virtual reality (labeled with an arrow under number 1) are described in [1,2], for example, and in a range of other publications.Interconnections labeled with a dashed arrow under number 3 are briefly mentioned in the end of the article.

Augmented reality and sound broadcasting
When referring to sound broadcasting, at least three groups of functional capabilities are of a significant practice-oriented interest.Augmented reality implies the transformation in the form and/or content of the transmitted messages.Provided these conditions, there will be no necessity for using any new kinds of gadgets which are normally essential for providing virtual and augmented reality services to the users.This is an exceptionally important fact from the point of view of increasing the demand for new types of services.
Exclusion of the following filler word in the Russian language serves as an example of the first group of functional capabilities: [nu] and its English equivalent "well".This word is often used in modern Russian language not only among the radio guests, but among radio hosts to begin phrases, while the latter most likely did not devote much of their time to learning their native language at school and university.Such type of service is likely to attract additional radio listeners among the groups of people who are used to hearing decent everyday speech.The difficulty in putting this functional capability and other capabilities into practice is analyzed further in the article and it is a topic for a separate research paper.The same can be said about the economic efficiency of the suggested concepts.
The second group of functional capabilities is connected with eliminating the long sounds [a:], [m], [e] and similar sounds which are frequently used to fill in pauses between words.Some of the respondents confirmed that this is the reason why they prefer to read the transcript version of the radio programs, rather than to listen to the program itself.This disadvantage is one which the radio editors are aware of; they delete all the unnecessary sounds from the text and, it must be mentioned, they frequently remove the Russian interjection [nu] too.
Annoying advertisements are a typical example of the third group of functional capabilities within the scope of augmented reality in the sphere of sound broadcasting.In this case, applying the augmented reality to these circumstances is only possible by using a personal computer or smartphone to listen to the program.A standard radio receiver does not allow setting up the software which is capable of "battling against" advertisements.Users can receive the information which they previously selected; they can do this during the commercial break, the beginning and ending of which is determined using the neural networks [15] or any other methods.This information may particularly include music which the user likes to listen to, images of animals or a news feed.It is also possible to incorporate an approach based on the selection of targeted commercials for the users which coincide with their interests.Such services may become rather popular.
The previously held surveys allow making the conclusion about the possibility of obtaining profit on the part of the broadcasting services companies and providers of informational services by achieving the corresponding functional capabilities.The presented assumption is equally applicable for both -the television broadcasting and for the Internet network.

Augmented reality and television broadcasting
All the concepts listed in the previous sections of the article can be incorporated in the system of television broadcasting.Certainly, it is increasingly more difficult to solve these tasks.Moreover, not all television broadcasting devices allow applying the entire scope of functional capabilities provided by augmented reality.The following applications can be singled out among other functional capabilities of augmented reality which are capable of being applied in television broadcasting: • replacing the character image if the users prefer a particular kind of image instead of the preset image; • augmenting the environment and surroundings in which the action takes place in accordance with the decision made by the film director; • deleting specific program fragments which are not of a particular interest to the users as well as adding comments which allow clarifying the presented information.
The most basic example of the first type of functional capabilities is a process of replacing the radio host.It is logical to assume that a certain portion of the listeners would like to see an individual of their age as the host of the program.Any other variants are possible in terms of the age, gender, voice pitch and other properties.
The changes in the environment and surroundings are understood as the ability to change the background scene, to put vases with flowers and make any other modifications to the initial informational source.During the hot season, in particular, an image of a waterfall can serve as the background image to the program which is an inseparable part of the process.A vase can be "placed" on the table between the two people who are having a dialog; this would be a pleasant picture for the viewers and users to see.
Deleting specific fragments of the program would be efficient in skipping scene of violence which is predominant in the news reports and movies, which are meant to serve as fictional.The possibility to add comments allows receiving a professional explanation of the terms, phenomena and processes if they replace images and the "rolling ticker".The task is to select an appropriate explanation which would take into account the basic knowledge of the user in each separate case; and this is a subject of a separate research.

Modified reality and obtaining information through the Internet
Presently, the Internet is regarded as both -an efficient informational system and as a worldwide dumpster.The goals of modified reality in terms of its role in the Internet space are basically connected with reaching a maximum level of eliminating its negative facets owing to which it was coined as "the worldwide dumpster".This does not necessarily imply blocking a certain range of websites or separate documents.Modifying the reality in the Internet space is more likely to be aimed at a complete or partial elimination of the information which pops up on the website and appears to be completely irrelevant to the search inquiry of the user.Incidentally, such a possibility is similar to eliminating ads, as it was mentioned earlier, which cause a great deal of irritation among the users.
Modified reality existing in the Internet space has a range of similar features with the concept of "Internet2".They are similar in the sense that both systems lack information that is typical for the "worldwide dumpster".The main difference between these two systems lies in the fact that the "Internet2" concept was meant to serve as an informational system which would promote scientific research and learning processes at the universities, while augmented reality in the modern-day "worldwide web" is aimed at providing a vast range of services to various groups of users.
Certainly, applying the principles of augmented reality to the Internet space would mean introducing censorship and this, in its turn, could play a negative role on the political arena as well as in the economic and social spheres of life.Discussing such potential risks is an important matter; however, it is not in the scope of attention in this article.

Further discussion
Applying the suggestions listed above requires holding a range of research and technological developments.The diagram on Figure 2  When applying the functional capabilities connected with the elimination of the filler words like [nu] or "well" in English and other sounds which connect the words together, for instance, it is important not to make the quality of the transmitted speech even worse.Users will receive the sound information with some extra delay which would be necessary in processing and modifying the speech.Consequently, it is essential to analyze a range of probable and temporal characteristics of the transmitted sound information.Such analysis should help to confirm the fact that the suggested services would not lead to a decreased quality of the provided services.Upon ensuring this, it can confirmed that the services of modified reality in question would be efficient.They would promote increasing levels of knowledge among the listeners of the radio program to a certain degree.
Similar tasks occur when using the augmented reality services in television broadcasting.However, these tasks are significantly more difficult to solve.Apparently, it would be necessary to carry out fundamental research studies and to seek technological advancements which are based on the following: the Neural Networks mentioned earlier [15] Big Data technologies [16] as well as Data Mining [17].Among the positive features of modified reality it is worth listing the following: • introducing a range of modified reality services which would promote a better acquisition of the information among the users; • the components of modified reality can be altered by the users to some extent when taking into account their personal preferences which allows creating a large client base as well as maintaining the amount of listeners in the radio-and television broadcasting; • the absence of the necessity to implement new gadgets which are necessary in maintaining a wide range of functional capabilities of the augmented and modified reality, would provide an easier implementation of the services which were brought as an example above; • obtaining the essentially useful information in the Internet space would make the scientific research, learning programs and production processes more efficient; • increasing the levels of general knowledge among the users of the radio-and television broadcasting would promote general development among the society members.It appears that there are some other advantages when using functional capabilities of modified reality.

"Modified Reality" from the mathematical point of view
One of the commonly used mathematical models is a black-, gray-or white-box [18].A black-box is considered as an object, the essence of which we do not know anything except for a set of functions of the form A(t), B(t), C(t) and D(t).
These functions describe the external action and operations performed by the black-box, control actions and the result, respectively.For the gray-box, an example of which is shown in Figure 3, in addition to knowing the functions A(t), B(t), C(t) and D(t), incomplete information on the structure and functions of the investigated object is available.A whitebox model is used in cases where information about the structure and functions of the studied object is considered complete and reliable.An important feature of this model is that it implements a feedback loop.It often allows you to significantly increase the value of the model.Unfortunately, in practice, it is not always possible to create a model in which there is a feedback loop.Concept of "Modified Reality" can be considered as the creation of a feedback loop without any changes in operating physical entities.
The mathematical model of a set of grey boxes can be elaborated as the aggregate of the digital twins [19].Such aggregate was named in [20] as "Network of Digital Twins".Figure 4 shows a model consisting of seven digital twins (DT).Each digital twin serves as a main entity of one object.A typical example of such an object is a switching node.Interfaces between model elements are designated as NNIJ -Network Node Interface of the jth type.The given illustration contains three types of NNIJ interfaces -A, B and C. Some considerations related to proposed approach are briefly presented in [20].

Fig. 4 .
Fig. 4. Network of the digital twins