Transition to alternative sources of electricity supply: diversifying the energy strategy in the R epublic of Uzbekistan

. In today's world, the problem of energy security is becoming increasingly important. The issue of increasing energy independence and diversification of energy supply sources is becoming an important component of this problem. Transition from classical to alternative energy sources allows not only to reduce dependence on external suppliers, but also to improve the environmental situation. The article is devoted to analyzing the process of transition to alternative sources of electric energy in the Republic of Uzbekistan. In the conditions of constantly growing demand for electricity and irreversible depletion of natural resources, the importance of this topic can hardly be overestimated. The purpose of this study is to examine the theoretical and practical aspects of this transition, including not only changes in the energy sector, but also socio-economic, technological and environmental consequences of these changes for the country.


Introduction
The current electricity supply system in Uzbekistan relies heavily on conventional energy sources, predominantly natural gas.According to the World Bank, about 85% of the total electricity supply is generated by gas-fired power plants.At the same time, the country has faced a number of challenges, including systemic technical and financial constraints that increasingly emphasize the importance of diversifying energy sources [4].
At the same time, Uzbekistan has a significant potential for the use of renewable energy sources.Specialists of the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) estimate the country's solar and wind energy potential at 51.3 GW and 520 GW, respectively [5].
In addition, public authorities are currently making efforts to increase the share of alternative energy sources in the total electricity supply balance, setting a target to increase their share to 25% by 2030, which implies a build-up of renewable capacity to 5 GW in 10 years [3].

Research
The strategic vision of energy management in the Republic of Uzbekistan is changing significantly in light of the growing need to diversify the sources of electricity supply and move towards greater use of renewable energy.This correlates with global trends and a response to the need to ensure sustainability, reliability and affordability of energy for the population and economy of the country.
The Republic of Uzbekistan has initiated several plans over the years to transition towards alternative sources of electricity supply as part of its long-term strategy to diversify its energy sector.
Uzbekistan is blessed with abundant resources of renewable energy, especially solar and hydro power, and the government is making efforts to tap into these resources.
As part of its strategy to modernize its energy infrastructure, the Republic of Uzbekistan has been working with international organisations such as the Asian Development Bank, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the United Nations Development Programme, and the World Bank.

Key initiatives include:
1. Solar Power: Uzbekistan is one of the sunniest countries in the world and has the potential to generate more than 51 billion kWh per year from solar energy.A series of large-scale photovoltaic power plants are planned with the help of international partners.
2. Hydro Power: Hydropower contributes a significant percentage of Uzbekistan's electricity supply.There are plans to upgrade existing hydropower plants and construct new ones.
3. Wind Energy: Although not as extensive as solar and hydropower, there are plans underway to explore the potential of wind energy, with several feasibility studies in place.
4. Energy Efficiency: There are also considerable efforts made towards improving energy efficiency in the country.This includes modernizing current energy infrastructure, introducing energy-saving technologies and driving a cultural shift towards more prudent consumption of power.
5. Legislation: The Uzbek government has also made changes to the legal and regulatory framework to encourage the use of renewable energy.This includes incentives to local and foreign investors to invest in the renewable energy sector.
According to the "Action Strategy in the Five Priority Areas of Uzbekistan's Development 2017-2021", the government aims to implement reforms in the oil and gas sector, including the development of renewable energy [3].It is planned that by 2030, the share of renewable energy in the country's energy balance will increase to 25%. (Fig. 1.)

Fig. 1. Information on electricity generation
Steps in this direction are already being taken.In June 2020, the government of Uzbekistan commissioned the first major solar power plant in Zafarabad district of Jizzak region with a total installed capacity of 100 MW [4].This is the first major solar power project implemented in the country, and it becomes a significant step towards achieving the goal of increasing the use of renewable energy.
However, the task of transition to renewable energy sources is long-term and requires serious work and significant investments.Taking into account the country's huge potential in the use of solar and wind energy, it is planned to create the necessary infrastructure and regulatory environment to attract domestic and foreign investments in this sector [5].
In addition, emphasis should also be placed on increasing energy efficiency and saving on energy use.In this context, energy demand management and industrial energy policy, respect for green building and urbanization principles become an integral part of the country's energy development strategy.
In addition to the above, a phased transition to alternative energy sources is a key focus of Uzbekistan's energy development strategy.The main elements of this strategy include decisions on infrastructure, financing, regulation, industrial policy and interaction with foreign partners.
Diversification of electricity supply sources through the active use of alternative energy sources is a sustainable solution that provides both economic and environmental benefits for Uzbekistan.
From an economic point of view, the use of renewable energy sources helps to reduce dependence on the international hydrocarbon market, thus avoiding unpredictable fluctuations in the prices of these resources.In the long term, it increases the energy security of the country and the stability of its energy system.
The development of alternative energy also contributes to the country's economic development by creating new jobs, attracting foreign and domestic investment and expanding opportunities for scientific and technological development.Dentons Law Firm's 2020 estimates show a significant growth of the renewable energy sector in the country, attracting more and more investments.In the long term, this will attract new investments and create new jobs, thus stimulating the economic development of the country [1].
Transformation to renewable energy can also help Uzbekistan address energy challenges, such as lack of access to electricity in hard-to-reach or remote locations.Small-scale renewable projects such as solar panels and wind turbines can provide for these needs at the local level, increasing access to electricity for a wider range of people.
From an environmental point of view, the use of renewable energy sources leads to a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and pollution.Given the scale of the global climate crisis and the potentially threatening consequences for Uzbekistan, as 80% of its territory is arid, this advantage cannot be underestimated.
The report of the Institute for Strategy and Global Policy of the U.S. House of Representatives Standing Committee clearly points to the importance of transition to clean energy as the main factor in the fight against climate change, which is certainly relevant for Uzbekistan [2].
Uzbekistan's energy strategy: 1.International Investments: Uzbekistan has been seeking foreign investments and has offered attractive concessions to international companies for setting up renewable energy projects.For instance, the UAE-based company Masdar Clean Energy has signed an agreement for a 400 MW wind farm, marking it as one of the biggest investments of its kind in the region.
2. Nuclear Power: The country has also initiated plans to develop nuclear power to diversify its energy supply.A deal struck with Russia aims to build a nuclear power plant in the country by 2030.
3. Bioenergy: Uzbekistan is a significant producer of Cotton, a crop that leaves abundant agricultural residue that can be utilized to produce bioenergy.Developing bioenergy can simultaneously solve waste management issues and generate power.
4. Renewable Energy Project: As of 2020, Uzbekistan is executing a major $1 billion project, "Scaling Solar", to develop renewable energy resources, particularly solar.The project includes making infrastructural and policy changes to enable this and attract private investment.
5. Energy Transition: In 2020, the government approved the 'Concept for the Development of the Electric Power Industry of the Republic of Uzbekistan until 2030.'This key document identifies the power sector's transition to a green economy, increased energy efficiency, and the reduction of environmental impact as crucial areas.
Though Uzbekistan currently relies significantly on fossil fuels, it's making substantial efforts to diversify its energy sources.The nation is particularly focusing on harnessing its abundant renewable energy resources as well as exploring the use of nuclear power.However, creating the necessary infrastructure and putting suitable regulations and incentives in place remains a ongoing task.
The energy transition from traditional fossil fuels to renewable and alternative sources is a major undertaking, requiring significant investment in infrastructure, technology, and education.It also requires policy and regulatory support to encourage investment and to make the renewable energy sector competitive.
Here are more details about Uzbekistan's transition to alternative electricity supply: Technological Support: Uzbekistan is using modern technology to improve its energy sector.For instance, they have implemented "smart grids" to improve the management of electricity supply and demand.They're also researching cutting-edge storage technologies and power plant designs.
Geothermal Power: Uzbekistan has started exploring its potential for geothermal power, looking to tap into the high-temperature water resources in its underground reservoirs for power generation.
Decentralized Power Generation: The government is encouraging the adoption of decentralized power generation systems, betting particularly on Solar Home Systems (SHS) and green mini-grids.This way, individual homeowners can produce their own electricity instead of relying solely on the national grid.
Natural Gas: In addition to renewable sources, natural gas also plays a significant role in Uzbekistan's energy strategy.The natural gas industry has been relatively developed.In the future, natural gas could potentially serve as a "bridge" between the current energy supply dominated by coal and a more sustainable, renewable-focused mix.
Institutional support: To oversee and accelerate the energy transition, the government created new institutions and bodies, such as the Ministry of Energy established in 2019.They are tasked with the design and implementation of energy policies.
International Co-operations: Uzbekistan has joined the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) and the Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation (CAREC) Energy Strategy 2030 to collaborate with global partners on renewable energy development and to share experiences and expertise.
These initiatives demonstrate a revolutionary shift in Uzbekistan's approach to energy production and consumption.However, significant challenges still exist, including a need for increased technical and institutional capacity, ensuring energy affordability, and overcoming infrastructure gaps.The successful transition towards a diversified electricity supply will require sustained efforts across all these areas.

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Uzbekistan's goal to transition to renewable energy: Solar Power Development: Uzbekistan has 300 sunny days in a year, offering high potential for the development of solar power.There are plans for the construction of multiple solar power projects, including a 100 MW Solar Power Project in Samarkand and the Quart Wind Power Plant that aims to produce 1GW by 2031.The latter is in partnership with United Arab Emirates renewable energy group Masdar.
Biomass Energy: As one of the world's leading cotton producers, Uzbekistan generates a significant amount of agricultural waste that can be converted into biomass energy.Recognizing this potential, several initiatives are being undertaken to develop the country's biomass energy capacity.
Innovation in Energy Solutions: Uzbekistan also acknowledges that innovation in energy solutions is key to exploiting renewable energy sources effectively.They are adapting new technologies to capture, store and distribute energy, whilst also aspiring to lead in the development of these technologies.
Energy Conservation: Efforts are being made to improve energy conservation and efficiency, with the government implementing several energy-saving programs and modernizing existing infrastructures.The government is also encouraging residents to use energyefficient appliances.
Training and Education: Recognizing the need for a skilled workforce to support its energy transition, Uzbekistan has initiated various training and education programs in renewable energy technologies.This includes partnerships with international entities to provide technical training and capacity building.
Carbon Capture and Renewable Natural Gas: Uzbekistan is considering the development of carbon capture and storage technologies and the possibility of producing renewable natural gas to further diversify its energy sources and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
Environmental and Social Safeguards: Uzbekistan is also considering the environmental and social impacts of renewable energy projects and aims to develop those projects in a manner that promotes sustainable development.
Development of a Regulatory Framework: Conducive regulatory frameworks are being developed to encourage private investment and promote competition in the energy sector.This includes formulation of policies that foster the use of renewable energy and environmental protection.
By taking these steps, Uzbekistan is demonstrating commitment to transition to a more sustainable and diversified energy future.The ultimate goal is to reduce dependence on fossil fuels, reduce carbon emissions, and have a positive impact on its economy and environment.
Uzbekistan's energy efforts: Foreign Cooperation: Uzbekistan is cooperating with international organizations and foreign companies to develop renewable energy projects.This includes collaborations with Asian Development Bank, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the International Finance Corporation, and organizations from countries like France, Russia, etc.
Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs): The country has enacted favorable legislation for Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) to attract private sector investment in the renewable energy sector.Under these agreements, the government or a utility company agrees to buy power from a private power producer for a specified period, which can provide income stability for renewable energy projects.
Emission Reduction Goals: Uzbekistan aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 10% by 2030.Development of renewable energy infrastructure plays a critical role in achieving this goal since the energy sector contributes a significant proportion of the country's emissions.
Hydropower: Sustainable utilization of its robust hydropower resources is another element of Uzbekistan's energy strategy.As Uzbekistan has impressive hydropower potential, upgrading and developing new hydropower capacities is a part of its overall renewable energy plan.
Public Engagement: The government has undertaken various initiatives to promote public engagement and awareness about energy conservation and renewables.This plays a crucial role in influencing household energy consumption habits and encouraging the adoption of renewable technologies.
Energy Efficiency Standards: Energy efficiency in buildings, appliances, and vehicles is also a key part of the strategy, with efforts to set, implement, and enforce energy efficiency standards throughout the country.
Research & Development: To foster innovation and technological advancement, the country aims to expand its research and development capabilities within renewable energy and energy efficiency.
Implementing these measures and reaching the outlined goals constitute a significant amount of work.There are considerable challenges to overcome-the need for significant capital investment, the need for building trained workforces, developing technological capabilities and infrastructures-however, the rewards in terms of improved energy security, economic stability, environmental protection, and public health justify these efforts.

Conclusion
Diversification of the energy sector will not only reduce dependence on fossil fuel sources, but also reduce environmental pollution, ensuring sustainable and reliable energy supply.
Utilizing sources such as solar and wind energy will help reduce Uzbekistan's carbon footprint and make the energy system more sustainable and reliable.It will also open new business opportunities and create jobs, which will contribute to the country's economic development.
Despite high initial costs, the cost-effectiveness and long-term benefits of alternative energy sources make them an important investment advantage.Strengthening energy infrastructure and education programs will also be key factors in ensuring an effective transition.
However, progress cannot be achieved without overcoming obstacles.State and international structures should be actively involved in overcoming these challenges and continue to support the development of alternative energy sources in Uzbekistan.
In contrast to traditional energy supply, the switch to alternative sources represents an important and inevitable solution for the future.This is truly an innovative approach that can make a significant contribution to the overall sustainability and well-being of the country.Ultimately, an effective diversification of Uzbekistan's energy strategy will have a positive impact on both the national and global arenas.
It's important to understand that the transition to renewable energy is a long-term process that requires considerable planning, investment, and international cooperation.Yet, as Uzbekistan progresses in these initiatives, it stands to greatly benefit from increased energy independence and decreased environmental impacts.