Using internet of things technologies to optimize agriculture and increase productivity

. The review presented in this article is devoted to the application of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies in agriculture and its impact on the productivity and sustainability of this industry. During the study, comprehensive analyses were carried out, including monitoring of climatic conditions, soil conditions, and animal activity, using IoT sensor networks. The results showed that the introduction of IoT in agriculture significantly improves resource management, which leads to increased productivity and reduced costs. However, the study also identified challenges such as data cybersecurity and the need for staff training to work with IoT systems. Despite these challenges, the use of IoT is a promising solution for agriculture, in a changing climate and growing demand for products. According to the results of the study, it can be concluded that IoT has the potential to transform agriculture, making it more sustainable, efficient and environmentally sustainable.


Introduction
Together with the development of modern technologies, our world is going through a period of the greatest transformations, and in this context, one of the most relevant areas is the use of Internet of Things technologies to optimize agriculture and increase its productivity, which is a key factor in solving urgent global problems related to food security and sustainable rural development [1].Implementation or adaptation in the context of agriculture, as an industry that has a huge impact on the life of mankind, is extremely significant, and the introduction of IoT technologies in this area becomes an integral part of the process of modern agricultural production, which can significantly improve productivity, efficiency, and resource management.
In recent decades, many countries and regions have faced the growing need to provide food for a growing population and improve the quality of products, while facing challenges such as climate change, limited natural resources, and threats of plant and animal diseases [2].In light of these challenges, IoT stands out as a modern solution for effective agricultural management and increasing its sustainability.The features of IoT are the ability to collect data from a variety of sensors located in various areas of agriculture, as well as the ability to process and analyze this information, which allows farmers and agronomists to make informed decisions and manage their resources more efficiently.Thus, the introduction of IoT leads to increased productivity and lower costs, which has a direct impact on the final product and the well-being of society as a whole.
It should be noted that the use of IoT in agriculture covers many aspects, including monitoring of climatic conditions, water management, soil condition monitoring, and even animal health monitoring.Thanks to this, farmers and agricultural enterprises can optimize their operations, minimize losses and reduce the impact on the environment.For example, sensors installed in fields can provide information about soil moisture and weather conditions, which allows you to accurately determine the moment of watering and use water resources more efficiently.Also, IoT contributes to the development of smart agriculture systems that provide automation and remote-control capabilities, which allows rural enterprises to respond more flexibly to variable conditions and make decisions quickly to ensure high productivity and product quality [3].These aspects are especially important in the modern world, where global competition and environmental problems require new approaches to agriculture.
The adaptation of IoT to agriculture is a promising direction for optimizing rural operations and increasing productivity.It makes it possible to combine traditional methods with modern technological solutions, which contributes to the sustainable development of rural areas and ensuring food security.In this article, we will consider the methods and results of using IoT in agriculture, as well as discuss the advantages and challenges faced by agricultural enterprises when implementing these technologies.

Methods
The methodology of this study covers many aspects, starting with the selection of approaches and tools for data collection and information analysis, and ending with the definition of criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of the implementation of IoT solutions.The methodology of research on the use of IoT technologies in agriculture includes an integrated approach, starting with the selection of devices and ending with data analysis and evaluation of results.This approach allows us to achieve a deep understanding of the use of IoT in agriculture and identify the benefits that they can bring to this important industry.

Results
The results of the conducted research on the use of Internet of Things technologies in agriculture reveal valuable insights and conclusions that underscore the substantial impact of these technologies on agricultural operations.This knowledge enables us to better comprehend how IoT enhances the optimization and productivity of the agricultural industry.

A. Climatic Monitoring
The research highlights the critical role of monitoring climatic conditions in agriculture.Data from IoT sensors show that information on temperature, humidity, and precipitation empowers farmers to make more informed decisions regarding planting and harvesting schedules, as well as optimal watering times.This efficient decision-making conserve water resources and enhances crop yields, directly improving agricultural productivity.

B. Livestock Management
The study indicates that the implementation of IoT solutions in agriculture streamlines the management of livestock.Animal health and activity monitoring systems enable early disease detection, reducing losses.Monitoring also optimizes animal feeding and housing conditions, ultimately boosting livestock productivity [4].

C. Resource Management
IoT technology facilitates more precise resource management.Collecting data on soil moisture and water consumption helps determine optimal irrigation strategies, conserving water.Monitoring fertilizer levels and soil composition aids in fertilizer optimization while reducing environmental impact -a crucial consideration given the growing environmental awareness in agriculture [5].

D. Smart Agriculture
The research confirms that IoT paves the way for smart agriculture.Automation and remote control of production processes via IoT networks reduce manual labor and human intervention.Automation extends to sorting, packaging, quality control, and autonomous technical solutions, enhancing efficiency and reducing operational costs [6].

E. Challenges and Risks
The study also unveils the challenges faced by agricultural enterprises during IoT implementation.Data and network security emerge as a primary concern due to the potential cybersecurity threats associated with collecting and transmitting agricultural operation information.Qualified personnel are essential to manage IoT systems and analyze the amassed data [7].
The research findings emphasize the importance and potential of IoT technologies in agriculture.They underscore how IoT enhances productivity, optimizes resource usage, and refines agricultural process management.However, it is crucial to acknowledge the challenges and risks tied to IoT adoption and devise suitable strategies and solutions to overcome them.

Discussion
Discussing research findings related to the use of Internet of Things technologies in agriculture offers us a unique opportunity to delve deeper into the multifaceted realm of benefits and challenges that are intricately intertwined with the deployment of IoT solutions within this agricultural domain.
Primarily, let us embark upon the discourse surrounding the manifold benefits.The empirical investigation has unmistakably unveiled the pivotal role of IoT in the augmentation of agricultural productivity.By the meticulous collection and rigorous analysis of data pertaining to climatic conditions, soil moisture levels, and animal behavioral patterns, farmers can engender more judicious, data-informed decisions, thereby optimizing their production processes.This, in turn, culminates in a substantial increase in both the quantity and quality of agricultural yields, a development that holds paramount significance in the realms of food security and profitability.Furthermore, IoT engenders the prospect of resource management marked by unparalleled efficiency, as it empowers the monitoring of soil moisture levels and water consumption, thereby facilitating the optimization of irrigation practices and the conservation of our invaluable water resources.This is especially germane within the context of burgeoning water scarcity and the looming specter of climate change.Concurrently, the monitoring of soil composition and fertilizer levels aids in the amelioration of the excessive utilization of chemical fertilizers, consequently abating the deleterious environmental impact.
A noteworthy finding of the study pertains to the burgeoning arena of smart agriculture.The automation of production processes and remote-control mechanisms furnishes farmers with the means to harness resources with greater precision, culminating in a reduction of manual labor.The advent of automated sorting and packaging systems, coupled with quality control measures, collectively contributes to the enhancement of productivity and safety standards within the agricultural sphere.
However, the nuanced discussion of these findings necessitates an exploration of the concomitant challenges and predicaments that transpire during the implementation of IoT in agriculture.Principal among these is the palpable issue of data security.Information gleaned from sensor networks, pertaining to agricultural operations, becomes a potential target for cyber-attacks, necessitating the implementation of rigorous measures to ensure the sanctity of network infrastructures and data repositories.Another challenge of substantial import pertains to the exigency of a proficient workforce.The successful implementation of IoT solutions calls for a cadre of skilled specialists adept at the orchestration of systems and the discernment of patterns within the copious data troves.This demand engenders substantial costs, and small to medium-sized agricultural enterprises often grapple with the financial implications.
Further compounding these challenges is the formidable hurdle of the elevated cost associated with the integration of IoT systems.The acquisition and installation of sensors, hardware, and software solutions entail a substantial financial commitment, potentially restricting access to these transformative technologies for smaller-scale farmers and agribusinesses.
Notwithstanding these formidable impediments, IoT stands as an eminent vanguard of agricultural progress.These technologies bestow upon agriculture the mantle of heightened productivity, efficiency, and sustainability.The successful realization of IoT projects within the agricultural domain necessitates a comprehensive framework of government support, strategic investments in education and training, and the meticulous fortification of data security.The research findings unequivocally validate the assertion that the application of IoT technologies within agriculture represents a pivotal linchpin in the endeavor to augment the industry's productivity and sustainability.Even in the face of the formidable challenges related to data security, human resource constraints, and implementation costs, IoT embodies an array of benefits that bear monumental relevance for both the agricultural sector and society as a whole, as we grapple with the burgeoning demands for sustenance and environmental preservation.

Conclusions
The study affirms that IoT technologies are pivotal in enhancing the productivity and sustainability of the agriculture industry.While challenges such as data security, personnel qualifications, and implementation costs exist, the advantages offered by IoT are crucial for addressing growing food demand and environmental concerns.The results of the study clearly show that IoT has the potential to revolutionize agriculture, by increasing productivity, optimizing resources and improving the management of production processes.By monitoring climatic conditions, soil moisture and animal activity, farmers can make more informed decisions and reduce costs.To fully leverage the potential of IoT in agriculture, systematic support from governments, investments in education and training, and strategies to ensure data cybersecurity are essential.With the right measures in place, IoT has the power to revolutionize agriculture, benefiting both farmers and society as a whole.It offers a path towards meeting food demands while safeguarding the environment.