Pharmacopeial plants in flora of Zabaikalsky Kray

. The work represents a preliminary stage of resource research for the Daurian part of Zabaikalsky kray. The XIV edition of the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation (2018) includes 102 species of medicinal plants, of which 30 species are found in Zabaikalsky kray. Using the method of tentative estimation of the stocks of medicinal raw materials, we preliminarily divided pharmacopeial species into three groups. Raw materials of ten species can be harvested for the needs of the regional pharmacy network, eight species can be used for personal needs of the local population and only five widespread species (Pinus sylvestris, Betula pendula, Padus avium, Vacciniumvitis-idaea, Ledum palustre) can be a resource for the chemical and pharmaceutical industry of the Russian Federation. The remaining species Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Vaccinium myrtillus, Carum carvi, Dryopteris filix-mas have single localities, and Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Rhodiola rosea, Convallaria keiskei included in the Red Book of the Trans-Baikal Territory (2017). Harvesting of these species is prohibited. It has been established that 15 species of medicinal plants are the most promising in terms of resource studies, and Dauria Yablonovaya and Dauria Argunskaya are the most promising territories for resource studies due to the greatest species diversity of pharmacopoeial medicinal plants in them.


Introduction
The flora of Zabaikalsky kray is rich in economically valuable plant species, including medicinal ones.It has great potential for practical use as a source of medicinal plant raw materials, but the low degree of its resource study does not allow us to determine the extent of these opportunities.Despite the fact that the flora of Zabaikalsky kray is rich in medicinal plants, its comprehensive analysis has not been carried out.Most resource studies are fragmentary and are devoted to certain promising species of wild medicinal plants [1,2,3,4].Among modern publications, the works of G. Chudnovskaya [5] are known, who since 1991 determined the yield, biological and production resources and the volume of possible harvesting of 19 species of promising medicinal plants in the Shilkinsky, Nerchinsk, Chernyshevsky and Mogochinsky districts of Zabaikalsky kray.
Thus, the inventory of the flora of medicinal plants of Zabaikalsky kray and the development of prospects for its rational use is a task that is relevant today.First of all, pharmacopoeial plant species need to be inventoried, since their value for medicine has been proven by scientific methods, ways for their use have been developed and tested.

Materials and methods
The following publications were analyzed: Plant resources of the USSR [6], Plant resources of Russia and neighboring states [7], Plant resources of Russia [8], Flora of Central Siberia [9], Flora of Siberia [10]; as a result, a list of medicinal plants growing on the territory of Zabaikalsky kray was compiled.The list of pharmacopoeial medicinal plants of Zabaikalsky kray was compiled using the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation, XIII edition [11] and the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation (SP RF) XIV edition [12].
The analysis of medicinal plants list according to their distribution in the territory of Zabaikalsky kray was carried out.When indicating the distribution of species of medicinal plants, the floristic areas into which Central Siberia is divided are used [9].It is known that the regions of Zabaikalsky kray have different transport accessibility and, accordingly, different scale of botanical exploration.For these reasons, the prospects for planned harvesting of medicinal plant materials are associated only with relatively well-developed areas.Therefore, we did not include the northern territories of Zabaikalsky kray into the study, but analyzed only the materials from the central, southern, and eastern regions of of Zabaikalsky kray.According to botanical geography, these areas usually are considered as Dauria.Four floristic regions are distinguished on this territory [9]: Yablonovy Range Dauria, Argun Dauria, Onon Dauria, and Southern Dauria (Fig. 1).The analysis of literary sources [6,7,8] and our own field studies have shown that 537 species of medicinal plants are found on the territory of Zabaikalsky kray, both pharmacopoeial and used in traditional medicine.

Results
Medicinal plants of domestic origin, included in the pharmacopoeias of the USSR and Russia (editions I to XI [13], include 287 species.Of these, 41 species of medicinal plants occur on the territory of Zabaikalsky kray.The State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation of the 13th edition included 53 species of medicinal plants [11].Of these, 13 species of medicinal plants grow in Zabaikalsky kray.The State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation (SP RF) of the 14th edition [12] solves the strategic tasks of ensuring the quality of medicines in circulation on the domestic pharmaceutical market and their compliance with the requirements of both Russian and international standards.The XIV edition of the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation included 102 species of medicinal plants, of which 30 species occur on the territory of Zabaikalsky kray.Brief information about them is given in Table 1.
Taxonomic analysis of medicinal species included in the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation [12] showed that two of them belong to sporiferous plants: Equisetum arvense L. and Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott, one species belongs to gymnosperms -Pinus sylvestris L. From 27 species of flowering plants, 2 species belong to the monocotyledons (Convallaria keiskei Miq., Acorus calamus L.), and 25 species belong to the dicotyledons, Symbols.Raw material parts of plants: r-roots, rh-rhizomes, l -leaves, og-overground parts, sh-shoots, fr-fruits, f-flowers.Resource categories: see text.RBZk-the species is included in the Red Book of Zabaikalsky kray, RBRF -the species is included in the Red Books of the Russian Federation and the Red Book of Zabaikalsky kray represented by fifteen families.Most of families are represented by one or two species, and only two families are represented by a larger number of species.These are the Rosaceae family with six species and the Ericaceae family with four species.Two families include two species of medicinal plants each: Fabaceae (Thermopsis lanceolata R. Br., Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.) and Polygonaceae (Polygonum hydropiper L. and Polygonum aviculare L. ssp.heterophyllum (Lindm.)Asch.&Graebn.).Eleven families are single-species (Salicaceae, Betulaceae, Papaveraceae, Brassicaceae, Crassulaceae, Saxifragaceae, Apiaceae, Menyanthaceae, Solanaceae, Plantaginaceae, Asteraceae).
On the territory of Zabaikalsky kray, medicinal plants included in the State Pharmacopoeia grow in all four floristic regions (Table 1).The most rich in pharmacopoeial species are Yablonovy Range Dauria and Argun Dauria due to more favorable climatic conditions and a variety of landscapes.There are 27 species of pharmacopoeial plants in Yablonovy Range Dauria, 25 species in Argun Dauria, 17 species in Onon Dauria, and only 10 species in Southern Dauria (Fig. 2).Moreover, only one purely steppe species grows in Southern Dauria (Table 1): it is Glycyrrhiza uralensis.All species found in Southern Dauria have a wide range and occur in all four floristic regions.Some of them are weeds: Equisetum arvense, Polygonum aviculare L. ssp.heterophyllum, Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medikus and there fore grow on agricultural lands.Some of the species associated with areas of light coniferous forests, such as Crataegus dahurica Koehneex C.K. Schneid., Rosa acicularis Lindl., R. davurica Pall.confined to the valleys of the rivers Onon, Borzya and other watercourses.Along these waterways, they penetrate into the steppe regions, but their abundance there is negligible.Such a species as Thermopsis lanceolata grows in solonetsous steppes and in meadow communities along the shores of salt lakes.
27 out of thirty species of pharmacopoeial medicinal plants grow in Yablonovy Range Dauria, with the exception of Menyanthes trifoliata L., Carum carvi L., Convallaria keiskei Miq.These three species grow in ArgunDauria, but even there the first two species are rare with a small abundance.Convallaria keiskei is found in larch-birch, birch and black birch forests.At the same time, only in the Gazimuro-Zavodsky district, we found small forb-lilyof-the-valley birch forests with an abundance of Convallaria keiskei сop-2; in the rest of the territory, the species is distributed to a limited extent.
In Argun Dauria, 25 species of pharmacopoeial plants were identified (Table 1).Only five out of thirty pharmacopoeial species were not recorded on this large territory, they are Rhodiola rosea L., Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Sprengel, Vaccinium myrtillus L., Dryopteris filix-mas, Glycyrrhiza uralensis.The latter one in Transbaikalia grows only in Southern Dauria in salty steppes, while the rest of the species are associated with taiga, where they are rare in dark coniferous and larch forests only in Yablonovy Range Dauria (Table 1).

Discussion
The State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation [12] includes 102 species of medicinal plants, of which 30 species are found on the territory of the Trans-Baikal Territory (Table 1).Such species as Pinus sylvestris, Betula pendula, Padus avium, Vaccinium vitis-idaea L., Ledum palustre are widespread in the region and occupy large areas.After conducting detailed studies, these species can be used to provide the chemical and pharmaceutical industry in Russia.Therefore, we classified them in the first category of raw material reserves (resource category 1).
Species such as Crataegus dahurica, C. sanguinea, Rosa acicularis, R. davurica, Sanguisorba officinalis, Plantago major, Thermopsis lanceolata, Polygonum aviculare L. ssp.heterophyllum, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Equisetum arvense are quite widespread in Zabaikalsky kray, but are small in terms of the area occupied by their populations.They can be used to supply a regional pharmacy network (resource category 2).
The following species have a limited distribution and small areas of populations on the territory of the region: Menyanthes trifoliata, Hyoscyamus niger L., Chelidonium majus L., Bergenia crassifolia (L.) Fritsch, Polygonum hydropiper, Populus suaveolens, Acorus calamus, Tanacetum vulgare L. The local people can use these species for their own needs (resource category 3).
Of the thirty species of pharmacopoeial plants on the territory of the Trans-Baikal Territory, four species Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Vaccinium myrtillus,Carum carvi, Dryopteris filix-mas have single locations, so procurement of these types is impossible (reserve category 0).Also, three species: Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Convallaria keiskei, Rhodiola rosea are included in the Red Book of Zabaikalsky kray [14], and the last one is also in the Red Book of the Russian Federation [15].These species are subject to protection throughout the entire territory of Zabaikalsky kray.Their collection is prohibited.
Our analysis revealed (Fig. 4) that in all regions the species that can be harvested for the needs of the regional pharmacy network are absolutely predominant, there are somewhat fewer species that the local population can harvest only for their own needs.The last place is occupied by species that can be harvested for the needs of the whole country.The largest number of species of the first and second resource categories is found in Yablonovy Range Dauria and Argun Dauria.
To determine the possibilities and plan the procurement of pharmacopoeial species, it is necessary to conduct resource studies, primarily for species classified in the first and second categories of resources: Pinus sylvestris, Equisetum arvense, Polygonum aviculare, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Crataegus sanguinea, C. dahurica, Sanguisorba officinalis, Rosa acicularis, R. davurica, Thermopsis lanceolata, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Ledum palustre, Plantago major, as the species of these categories are considered commercial.
Species from which underground organs are harvested, regardless of resource category, require special attention and control: Acorus calamus, Bergenia crassifolia, Sanguisorba officinalis, Menyanthes trifoliata (Table 1).It is necessary to study the recovery of populations after harvesting in the conditions of Transbaikalia for these species, and, based on these data, to develop recommendations on the volumes and modes of harvesting, and later, when harvesting on the recommended scale, to control the state of the populations.

Conclusion
Thus, out of thirty species of pharmacopoeial medicinal plants in Dauria, it is possible to procure five species for the needs of the chemical and pharmaceutical industry in Russia, ten species for the regional pharmacy network, and eight species only for the needs of the local population.
The most promising is the development of planned harvesting of pharmacopoeial species in the areas belonging to Yablonovy Range Dauria and Argun Dauria, due to their greatest diversity in these areas.In Zabaikalsky kray, the development of planned procurements of 15 species is most likely, mainly to provide a regional pharmacy network.The priority resource studies should be organized in areas belonging to Yablonovy Range Dauria and Argun Dauria, for species of the first and second medicinal raw materials resource categories.

E3SFig. 2 .
Fig. 2. Distribution of medicinal plant species included in the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation [12] in Floristic regions of Zabaikalsky kray (Symbols: see the text)

Fig. 3 .
Fig. 3.The occurrence of species of medicinal plants included in the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation [12] in the floristic regions of Zabaikalsky kray

Fig. 4 .
Fig. 4. Distribution of pharmacopoeial species of different resource categories by floristic regions (Numbers of categories: see the text)

Table 1 .
List of medicinal plants of Zabaikalsky kray included in the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation