Influence of planting scheme on growth, development and yield of chickpea

. The article presents the results on growth, development and productivity are given for various planting patterns of the chickpea variety Umid, row spacing of 60 and 70 cm and bush spacing from 3 cm to 15 cm in meadow conditions of the Zeravshan valley. The yield varies depending on the width of the row spacing and the thickness of the bush, the highest productivity was noted with a row spacing of 60 cm and amounted to 22.7 t/ha. The lowest yield was 14.2 t/h with a scheme of 70x15 cm.


Introduction
Economic reforms have begun in our country, primarily in agriculture.There is also a symbolic meaning at the beginning of economic reforms, primarily in the agrarian sector.Because more than 60% of workers in our republic, 44% of the population work in agriculture.The agricultural sector accounts for 30% of the gross domestic product of our republic, 55% of foreign exchange earnings, 70% of trade, 90% of food products.
Planting of leguminous crops in our country, expanding their area and increasing productivity is one of the most important issues of the day.Planting legumes on a large scale also improves soil structure and fertility.
When planting crops on irrigated lands and obtaining high yields, mainly chemical fertilizers are widely used.Excessive use of fertilizers, in turn, leads to such negative consequences as the deterioration of soil ecology.Because if some part of the applied chemical fertilizers is absorbed by plants, then the rest is absorbed into groundwater, and the other part is released into the air, and some part damages the soil microflora, causes the death of the beneficial distribution of insects (entomofauna) in this environment, which leads to soil salinization.
It would be desirable if local (livestock waste) fertilizers were widely used to obtain high yields from agricultural crops, to improve the mechanical composition of the soil and the amount of mineral elements in it.However, it is currently not possible to supply all irrigated lands of our country with local fertilizers, because, firstly, the number of livestock hooves has decreased sharply, and secondly, transportation problems in transporting local fertilizers to the fields are also one of the main issues.
Legumes with nitrogen-fixing bacteria in their roots are extremely important in measures to improve the agrochemical and agrophysical condition of irrigated soils.In addition to the complete assimilation of nitrogenous substances accumulated by the roots of leguminous crops, plants, this improves the properties of the soil structure.In addition, many costs are reduced.One of these legumes is chickpeas.
Among legumes, chickpeas occupy a special place, giving a large amount of protein and high-quality oil.Today, in the developed countries of the world, chickpeas occupy an important place in feeding livestock from leguminous crops.
In the conditions of irrigated gray-meadow soils of the Zeravshan Valley, there is little scientifically substantiated information about the method and rate of sowing chickpeas.
The development of a detailed scientifically based recommendation for sowing peas on irrigated lands and its widespread introduction into production is considered one of the most important and topical issues of the national economy.
One of the main factors determining the yield of any grain crop, including chickpeas, under irrigation conditions is the sowing method, that is, the row spacing and plant density.

Materials and methods
Field experiments are being carried out during 2018-2021 in order to study the effect of different row spacings and bush thicknesses on the growth, development and productivity of chickpea varieties in the irrigated gray-meadow soils of the Zarafshan Valley.
The Umid variety of chickpea was set at 45-60 and 70 cm between rows, and 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 cm.Field experiments were carried out in 15 variants in 4 repetitions, systematically in one layer.
Field experiments, phenological and biometric measurements were carried out based on generally accepted methods in plant science.The obtained results were subjected to statistical and dispersion analysis according to B.A. Dospekhov (1985).
All records, observations, calculations and analyzes were carried out according to the generally accepted methodology and agro-recommendations.

The results and discussion
During the growth period, phenological observation determined the height of the plant, the height of the lower pod from ground level, the number of pods and seeds in it, and productivity.According to the results of the research, the height of the plant was 68.0 cm, observed in the variant 45x6 cm.As the row spacing increased, the height of the plants decreased.Even with row spacings of 60 and 70 cm, a decrease in plant height was observed with an increase in row spacing from 3 cm to 15 cm.Compared to years, the plant height observed in 2018 was 71.6 cm with a planting pattern of 45x6 cm and 61.2 cm with a planting pattern of 60x6 cm.The height of the lower leg relative to the ground depends on the row and distance between the bushes, with a planting pattern of 45x3 cm, the height of the lower leg from the ground averaged 36.4 cm.It was 25.4 cm (Table 1).Such changes were also observed when the row spacing was 60 cm.The numbers decrease from 36.1 to 25.1, and when the row spacing is 70 cm, these indicators decrease from 36.5 cm to 25.1 cm.So, the highest indicator was 36.5 cm when the planting pattern was 70x3 cm, and the lowest indicator was 26.1 cm when the planting pattern was 70x15 cm.Short planting intervals produce fewer pods or branches.Planting scheme 70x12-15 cm, because the plants are sparse, they cannot support each other and their branches break under the influence of the wind (Table 1).
The number of beans in each plant differs sharply depending on the row spacing and seedling thickness.22.1 per plant when the planting pattern is 45x3 cm, 33.1 in the 45x6 cm planting pattern; 48.0 in the scheme of 45x9 cm; In the 45x12 cm scheme, 55.5 and 57.1 beans were formed in the 45x15 scheme.The parameters increased from 40.0 to 88.5 on the basis of the above rules, even with a row spacing of 60 cm.Similar indicators were observed in variants with a row spacing of 70 cm.The number of beans with the highest indicator was in the variant with 60x15 cm and was 88.5 pieces per plant.The lowest indicator was observed in schemes with 45x3 and 70x3 cm, and the number of beans in one plant was 22.1 and 22.8 pieces.It is known that the number of seeds in pods was one, two and more, so the number of grains in them was slightly higher than the number of pods.The number of seeds also increased in the planting scheme options with a large number of pods.The planting scheme that produced the most seeds was the 60x15 cm version, which amounted to 131.4 seeds, while the least number of seeds was 45x3; It was in a planting scheme of 70x3 cm and made 32.6 and 33.1 pieces.It was observed in our experiment that different widths of rows and spacing of seedlings have a great effect on the number of pods of a chickpea plant and the number of seeds in each pod.As the number of seedlings in different row spacings decreased, the number of single-grain pods decreased.If we take the average of the two-year data, 63.1 pieces in the options with a planting pattern of 45x3 cm and 66.2 pieces in the 45x9 pattern; 64.7 in 45x12 and 45x15 cm schemes; It was returned that 65.0 pods produced one seed each.The number of two-seeded pods was 31.6 in the 45x3 cm planting scheme, compared to 2.5 in the 45x6 cm scheme; 6.4 in the 45x9 scheme; It was reported that there were 9.1 more pieces in the 45x15 cm scheme (Table 2).The yield varied from 14.2 to 22.7 t/ha, depending on the row spacing and bush density.The maximum yield was 22.7 q with row spacing of 60 cm and a planting pattern of 60x6 cm.A relatively high yield was 21.4 -21.9 q with a planting pattern of 45x6 and 45x9 cm.The lowest yield was noted with a planting pattern of 70x15 cm and amounted to 14, 2 ha.
The yield was 20.5 c/ha, the maximum indicator was 45 cm.When analyzing the table, it was revealed that the planting pattern in the 60x6 cm option turned out to be the most productive, since the yield in the first (60x3) and last (60x15) options in the table was low, the yield 60 cm option slightly decreased and amounted to 19.7 cents.With a row spacing of 45 cm, the highest seeding rate is 360,000 seeds, and with a row spacing of 60 cm, 170,000 seeds are used.With a distance between rows of 45 cm, trimming of the rows is allowed (Fig. 1).Our experience shows that the development of the vegetative and generative organs of a plant is greatly influenced not only by row spacing, but also by spacing between seedlings.To determine this, a comparison of 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 cm variants planted at 45 cm, 60 cm, and 70 cm row spacing shows that row spacing has little effect on plant height, as shown in Table 3. with a distance between plants in a row of 3 cm, the average height of a chickpea plant for two years was 63.2 cm, and with a distance between plants of 15 cm -62.1 cm.

E3S Web of
We determined 28.6 pods per plant in the 3 cm variant, 45.1 pods in the 6 cm variant, 57.5, 70.2, 70 pods in the 9, 12 and 15 cm variants.Because in 3-and 6-cm variants, lateral branches do not develop.Therefore, the number of pods per plant is small, and the number of stems per unit area is large.The number of pods increased due to an increase in the number of joints of lateral branches in sparse variants between seedlings (Table 3).
It has been reported that as the number of seedlings decreased, the number of seeds per plant also increased.The yield of peas was high at a distance between plants of 6 cm and amounted to 21.3 c/ha.The lowest yield was noted at a distance between seedlings of 15 cm and amounted to 17.2 q/ha.So, it was determined that the chickpea plant planted in a row with a spacing of 6 cm is effective in terms of yield indicators.
Observations show that the height of the plant, depending on the planting scheme, is the largest (68.6 cm) in the 45 x 6 variant.With the expansion of row spacing, the height of the plant and the height of the lower pod decreased.
The location of the lower pod relative to the ground depends on rows and row spacing, the planting pattern is 60 x 6 cm, its average height is 36.4cm.As the distance between plants increased, the height of the lower pod from the ground decreased and amounted to (25.4) with a distance between plants 15 cm.A similar picture was observed with an increase in row spacing.
Each row width and distance between plants had a significant impact on the number of pods in a chickpea plant and the number of seeds in a pod.The number of forces in the aisles is reduced.(63.1) pods in the 45x6 cm variant, (66.2) pods in the 45x9 cm pattern, 64.7 and 65.7 and 65.0 pods in the 45x12 and cm patterns produced one seed each.The same rules were repeated in variants with row spacings of 60 and 70 cm.
Row spacing and planting pattern had a significant impact on the yield of chickpea grain.The mass of 1000 grains was the largest (318.7-338.3%)at row spacings of 60 and 70 cm and the planting pattern of 60x15 and 70x15 cm, and the smallest (288.4%) at row spacings of 45 x 3 cm.
Yield varied depending on row spacing and stem thickness.The highest yield was noted with a 60x6 planting pattern with 60 cm row spacing and amounted to 22.7 t/ha.The lowest productivity was 14.2 t/h in the scheme 70x15 cm.

Fig 1 .
Fig 1.Effect of row and seedling spacing on yield of chickpea variety "Umid".

Table 1 .
Influence of different planting schemes of "Umid" chickpea variety on plant height

Table 2 .
The effect of different planting schemes of the chickpea variety "Umid" on the number of pods and grains

Table 3 .
Influence of the distance between crops on the growth and yield of chickpeas