Amur region in the structure of soybean production of the Russian Federation

. Soy bean is a unique oilseed crop of world importance, which has in its composition a high percentage of full-fledged protein, balanced with amino acids, fat and carbohydrates. Soy bean is a universal agricultural crop of great food, fodder, technical and agrotechnical significance. In order to ensure the food security of each country and a world production as a whole, currently there goes a constant increase of the main indicators of the soybean market development. Russia has been a leader in soybean production for many years, being one of the top 10 producing countries. Dynamics analysis of the territorial structure of acreage, gross yields and soybean yields in Russia, the Far East and the Amur Region revealed the leading positions of the Amur Region in the country and within the Far Eastern Federal District. As of 2022, the Amur Region accounts for 69.2% of the acreage of the Far Eastern Federal District and 25.7% of the all-Russian acreage. The volume of gross soybean harvest in the Far East by more than 70% and by 27.6% in Russia is provided due to the production volumes of the Amur region. However, the analysis of the average yield of soybeans in the context of federal districts as of 2022 revealed the maximum yield level in the Southern Federal District - 20.4 centners /ha. In the Far Eastern Federal District, yields were lower than the national average by 0.8 centners /ha, which indicates the need for work to ensure the increase in the efficiency of soybean production technologies in the Russian Far East.


Introduction
The growth of global soybean production is ensured both by increasing the acreage and increasing yields by zoned and highly productive soybean varieties.Global soybean production in 2022 amounted to 391.2 million tons, which is an increase of 39.2 million tons compared to 2021 [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13].The main soybean producers are concentrated in the Western Hemisphere and account for almost 82% of the global gross harvest, including Brazil -38.8 %, the United States -30.2% and Argentina -12.7%.Russia ranks eighth in the world in terms of soybean production and consumption.The Russian Federation accounts for 1.4% of the global soybean crop (Table 1).[3] The global area of land occupied by soybean cultivation in 2022 was 135.0 million hectares, of which 69.7% accounted for the leading producing countries (Brazil-31.8%, the United States-25.9%and Argentina-12.0%).
The world soybean yield averaged 29.0 centners/ha in 2022 for all countries.The highest yield as of 2022 was recorded in Brazil -35.4 centners / ha, the USA-33.7 centners / ha and Canada-30.9centners / ha.Relative to the leading countries, the yield index of Russia is almost 2 times lower than the global average and amounts to 18.0 centners / ha.
In the Russian Federation, as of 2022, the volume of agricultural production amounted to 8 850 887 million rubles, of which 5 265 637 million rubles are products of plant growing.The production volume in the Far Eastern Federal District in 2022 amounted to 3.6 % of the national value and is equal to 321 348 million rubles, which is 58 775 million rubles more than in 2021.The share of the Amur Region in 2022 accounts for 31 % of the production volumes of the Russian Far East and 1.13% of the national value (Table 2).Source [1,6] The volume of crop production in the total volume of agricultural production in Russia for the period from 2005 to 2022 increased by 11% (Table 2).In the Far Eastern Federal District, the share of crop production has increased since 2005 from 50.3% to 60.5% in 2015.In 2020, there was a slight decrease to a value of 52.1 %, followed by a further increase to 60.0 % in 2022 (Table 3).
There is a growing trend in the share of crop production in the total gross agricultural output in the Amur region -from 57.9 % in 2005 to 80.2% in 2022.Over the past 10 years, the sown area under major agricultural crops has grown by 205 thousand hectares -from 1945 thousand hectares in 2013 to 2150 thousand hectares in 2022 (Figure 1).This growth was mainly achieved through the expansion of agricultural land in the Amur Region and Primorsky Krai.According to the dynamics shown in Figure 1, in 2018 the size of acreage in the Far Eastern Federal District reached a historical maximum of 2 445 thousand hectares.Since 2019, there has been an annual reduction in acreage.The decline was caused by natural disasters: floods caused by heavy precipitation, wildfires and drought.The problem of protein deficiency in the Russian Federation is becoming increasingly urgent and requires immediate actions.World experience shows that this problem can be solved by increasing the gross production of agricultural crops with a high protein and fat content -legumes, rapeseed, sunflower.Soybeans occupy the first place in the world among them in terms of gross production [5,11].
Soybean contains everything that a human organism needs: protein, lecithin, vitamins, minerals.Among vegetable proteins, soybean is the cheapest economically and makes it possible to perfectly balance feed rations: with regular feeding of soybean meal to livestock in the amount of up to 10%, the consumption of grain fodder is reduced by 1/3, and the increase in live weight of animals increases in multiples.Finally, in Russian conditions, soybeans can produce from 5 to 15 centners of pure full-fledged protein per acre.For example, this is 20 times more than the forage wheat gives, and less complete proteins, but which is allocated up to 80% of the fertile lands of the South of Russia.It is soybean that makes it possible to overcome the shortage of dietary protein in the country [9].At the same time, Russian soybean is the best soybean in the world, because it is not genetically modified, it is natural, and there is practically no such thing left in the world except for Russia [8].
In order to identify the role of the Amur region in the development of soybean production in the Russian Federation, it is proposed to assess the territorial structure of gross collections, acreage and soybean yields in Russia and the Far East.

Materials and methods
To analyze the development of the Russian soybean production market, data from official statistical indicators and collections were used.The empirical basis was the data of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation and the territorial office of the Federal State Statistics of the Amur Region.During the research, a set of scientific research methods was used: statistical, comparison method.

Results
The main soybean production in the Russian Federation is concentrated in two federal districts -the Central Federal District and the Far Eastern Federal District [12].The share of these federal districts in the total production volume in 2022 was 43.0% and 38.6%, respectively (Figure 2).A dynamics analysis of soybean acreage in the Russian Federation and the Far East revealed the leading position of the Amur Region in all-Russian soybean production and in the Far Eastern Federal District.During the analyzed period 2013-2022, the area under soybean cultivation in Russia increased by 133.3 %, reaching 3.5 million hectares in 2022.In the Far Eastern Federal District, soybean acreage grew by 44.4 %, which allowed us to ensure the acreage of 1.3 million hectares by 2022 (Figure 3).In the Amur Region, the acreage increased by 50.0 % since 2013, reaching the level of 0.9 million hectares by 2022, which is 69.2 % of the acreage of the Far Eastern Federal District and 25.7 % of the total Russian acreage.The average yield of soybeans in Russia, according to official statistics, increased during the study period from 13.6 centners /ha to 18.0 centners /ha.The average soybean yield in the Far Eastern Federal District in 2022 was 17.2 centners /ha, which is 6.9 centners /ha more than in 2013 (Fig. 4).Soybean yield in the Amur region over the past two years has almost reached the all-Russian level, and in 2022 it exceeded it by 0.2 centners /ha amounting to 18.2 centners /ha.The analysis of the average yield of soybeans in the context of federal districts as of 2022 revealed the maximum yield level in the Southern Federal District -20.4 centners /ha.In the  Within the Far Eastern Federal District, the maximum value of the average yield was recorded in the Amur Region -18.2 centners / ha, which corresponds to the average yield in Russia.The 2nd and 3rd place with 16.9 centners /ha and 16.3 centners /ha took the Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territories, respectively.
The total volume of gross soybean harvest in Russia in 2022 amounted to 5.8 million tons.The analysis of the dynamics of the gross soybean harvest for the analyzed period from 2013 to 2022 revealed an increase in soybean production in the Russian Federation (Fig. 5).The Amur Region is traditionally heading the top 10 regional leaders of the Russian Federation in soybean production [7,12].In 2022, soybean production in the region amounted to 1.56 million tons.By 2022, the Russian Far East will see an increase in the gross soybean harvest by 0.5 million hectares.In the structure of the gross soybean harvest of the Far Eastern Federal District, 72.7% is provided by the volume of soybean production in the Amur region.

Discussion
Thousands of meals are cooked with soybean and products based on it in various countries around the world, and in Eastern countries soybean has been one of the main food products for thousands of years.The Western community, several hundred years later and only after numerous and long-term scientific studies, at the end of the twentieth century recognized the key role of soybean in improving life quality, life expectancy and assigned soybean products a special status -the so-called "health item".According to the FDA's 1999 recommendation, the gist of this status is that "25 grams of soy protein per day as part of a low-fat, lowcholesterol diet reduces the risk of heart disease."That is, every person can protect themselves from heart strokes in such a simple way -by introducing a certain amount of soybean products into their diet (replacing about a third of the protein consumed with soybean) [4].
At the same time, considering the quality of Russian soybeans and its high demand on the world market, it is necessary and especially urgent to develop and implement additional innovative solutions aimed at increasing the level of soybean production in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Conclusions
The conducted research made it possible to identify the leading positions of the Amur Region in the country and in the Far Eastern Federal District.As of 2022, the Amur Region accounts for 69.2% of the acreage of the Far Eastern Federal District and 25.7% of the all-Russian acreage.The volume of gross soybean harvest in the Far East by more than 70% and by 27.6% in Russia is provided due to the production volumes of the Amur region.
However, an analysis of the average yield of soybeans in federal districts during 2022 revealed the maximum yield level in the Southern Federal District -20.4 centners /ha.In the Central and Northwestern Federal Districts, this indicator was 19.8 centners /ha and 19.4 centners /ha, respectively.Within the Far Eastern Federal District, the maximum value of the average yield was noted in the Amur region -18.2 centners /ha, which corresponds to the average yield in Russia.On the 2nd and 3rd place with 16.9 centners /ha and 16.3 centners /ha are the Primorski and Khabarovsk Territories, respectively.
In current conditions, the development of agriculture is determined by the level of introduction of innovative technologies and production efficiency.Any innovation in agriculture strongly depends on the climatic conditions of the regions, and it is connected both with the costs of the innovation process and the timing of its implementation -therefore, investments in innovative projects in the agricultural sector are riskier than in other sectors of the economy.Now experts consider the most potentially effective innovations to be those that can be implemented in various fields of agriculture within a short or a medium time frame [2].Among them there are innovations that have prospects for implementation in Russian soybean production, including: bioinsecticides and pollinators; precision seeding technologies; Craft Scanner sensors for monitoring the depth of tillage.
The introduction of innovative projects, including public-private partnership projects [13], should become a priority direction for the development of the Russian economy in the near and medium period, which will increase the level of technological development, ensure saving of material, financial and human resources, increase exports and domestic consumption.

Fig. 1 .
Fig. 1.Dynamics of acreage by regions of the Far Eastern Federal District, thousand hectares

Fig. 5 .
Fig. 5. Dynamics of gross soybean harvest in Russia, the Far Eastern Federal District and in the Amur Region, million tons

Table 1 .
Key indicators of soybean production in the world in 2022

Table 2 .
Gross agricultural output of all categories in actual prices (million rubles)

Table 3 .
Share of crop production in the total gross agricultural output of all categories in actual prices (%) Central and Northwestern Federal Districts, this indicator was 19.8 centners /ha and 19.4 centners ha, respectively.The minimum yield was noted in the Ural Federal District -9.8 centners /ha.

Table 4 .
Soybean yield in federal districts in 2022