Research into the influence of organic and inorganic compounds on the development of winter wheat

. The paper present the historical scope of the triterpene acids usage in agriculture and industry. On the territory of the Russian Federation, according to data for 2023, 4 agrochemicals based on triterpene acids are registered: "Biosil", "Alfastim", "Verva", "Novosil". Experimental studies carried out in laboratory conditions using original techniques and GLP-practices allow to determine effective concentrations systematically improving the state of organs and tissues of cereals at different stages of ontogenesis. Both triterpene-containing and chelated forms of trace elements shown to affect the effective development of roots and stems. Work in this direction is laborious, however, it expands the variability of knowledge on crop quality and volume management and requires expanding of the research.


Introduction
Terpenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons; depending on the groups and elements they add, they form special compounds.Such compounds, in turn, through various reactions can undergo changes and oxidation, again forming a whole series of compounds that are triterpene derivatives.Triterpene acids are also such derivatives [1][2][3][4][5].
Triterpenes are a class of chemical compounds consisting of three terpene units with the molecular formula C 30 H 48 , they can also be thought of as consisting of six isoprene units.Many animals, plants and fungi are producers of certain terpenes, including squalene, which is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of steroids [5][6][7].
Work with triterpene acids began with the study of terpenes.In 1803, the pharmacist Kind passed hydrogen chloride through turpentine, obtaining individual compounds of the hydrocarbons in question.Only 80 years later, thanks to the study of many naturalists and scientists, it was possible to shed light on this section.
A difficult task for scientists of that time was to determine the identity of the substance.Then, the German chemist Wallach, from 1884, began to publish works on the chemistry of terpenes, where he identified and studied terpene compounds using the refractive index, boiling point and elemental analysis.Based on these works, E.E.Wagner proposed a structural formula for the main representatives of the class of terpenes and their derivatives, which were subsequently tested for authenticity with the help of many laboratories [15][16][17][18][19][20].
In 1985, Japanese scientists first published work related to the study of triterpene acids isolated from Japanese fir.A couple of years later, similar acids were isolated from other Japanese firs belonging to different species.Since 1986, studies of triterpene hydrocarbons isolated from Siberian fir began.It turned out that the isolated extracts consisted of two parts: monoterpene components of fir oil and triterpenoids.The predominant components, however, were triterpene acids [20] - [22].
The first known triterpene acids of fir are expressed by formulas 1 and 2.
It is worth noting that triterpene acids are characteristic only of fir; they are not found in other coniferous tree species of similar genus [22] - [24].
In the rural industry, preparations based on triterpene acids are used as plant growth regulators intended for treating seeds and vegetative plants in order to increase survival rate, immunity and yield.Preparations with this active ingredient are used on grains, legumes, vegetables, industrial crops and grapes [24][25][26].
Preparations based on triterpene acids used to treat seeds exhibit the properties of auxins to a greater extent, and in the flowering phase, the beginning of fruit formationgibberellins, or ambiols.When treating seeds, it exhibits the properties of cytokinins, and subsequently -auxins.
In some cases, different properties of the drug work simultaneously, providing its maximum effect [27], [28].

Research methodology
The laboratory experiment was carried out to identify the effect of iron solutions and the Novosil growth stimulator on the biometric parameters of varietal wheat.The following solutions were tested: 1. Novosil (standard), working concentration 2. Iron chelate (AM EDDHA Fe), in three concentrations 3. Chelase II (Fe II) solution, in three concentrations 4. Ultrapure water is used as a control.
Various concentrations of test solutions were used: from 1% to 0.01%.
The object of the study was winter wheat of the "Scepter" variety (Included in the State Register).
The experiment was carried out in vitro, using the premises and equipment of the biophotonics center: water purifier, germination chambers with the support of certain parameters.
The study used a technique for germinating grains in rolls: to germinate seeds in rolls, strips of filter paper 15 cm wide and 52 cm long were cut.The strips of paper were folded in half in width, then unfolded, moistened, and seeds were laid out in rows on half of the strip, spine down.Seeds of one replicate were placed on each leaf (three replicates for each variant).
The seeds were covered with the second part of the strip, then the paper was rolled into a roll, which was placed vertically in a vessel (500 ml), onto the bottom of which 10 ml of a solution of the desired option (the required concentration) was poured.The vessels were covered with a lid, leaving a hole for thermoregulation.After successive steps, the resulting sucklings from the variants were placed in a customized chamber for 5 days, so that the plants germinate in complete darkness at 24 °C during the day and 18 °C at night.Relative humidity was maintained at 40-45%.After 5 days, the vessels with the variants were exposed for a day to the daytime conditions of the Moscow region, so that the plant could adapt to the light.
To carry out the counting, the rolls were removed from the vessels and unfolded on the table, carefully separating the top layer of paper.The accounting was carried out using a standard method of measuring the morphological parameters of the wheat plant, namely: sprout length, root length, number of roots, coleoptile length.
Counting and measuring the main organs of a wheat seedling was carried out in one day and with an accuracy of 0.1 cm.

Research results
Scientists are of great interest in the drug "Novosil" under review, which has an overwhelming number of publications devoted to its effect on winter wheat.Next come the drugs "Biosil" and "Alfastim", which, presumably, deservedly have a low number of publications.Biosil covers a wide range of crops, and Alfastim is quite new, judging by the first mentions in publications."Verva" is studied mainly as a biological additive to various feeds.
The greatest increase in yield was observed for two growth stimulants "Biosil" and "Novosil".
The results of a laboratory experiment to determine the effect of the concentrations of iron solutions on winter wheat, where the growth stimulator "Novosil" serves as a standard, are presented in Table 1.Iron chelate of high and medium concentrations (1% and 0.5%) has an inhibitory effect on the size of the sprout and root.
The Helase II solution did not have a significant effect on the development of the sprout (in all concentrations).A 1% solution of chelase II has a significant decrease in root length, while 0.5% of this solution does not significantly affect the parameters of root size.However, decreasing the concentration of chelase II solution (0.1%) significantly increases root length.
Judging by the ability of the selected solutions to influence the ability to enhance the germination of wheat seeds, this is shown in Figure 1 Fig. 1.Wheat germination rate when treated with solutions containing iron of different concentrations and the growth stimulator "Novosil" on the wheat variety "Scepter", 2023, % According to the research data obtained, it is clear that the drug Novosil enhances the germination of seeds, together with the following concentrations of iron solutions: 0.5%, 0.1% and 0.01%.Iron chelate at a concentration of 1% inhibits the number of germinated seeds, but within the acceptable error.Consequently, the studied solutions influence in one way or another the germination of wheat seeds.
The next criterion of the study was to investigate the effect of iron complexates (of different concentrations) on the formation of additional adventitious roots or their absence.Data on the results obtained are presented in Figure 2. The change in the number of roots depends on the variant and their concentration, so all variants showed a decrease in the number of roots, so that the change was significant.Wheat treated with Novosil has, on average, 3.5 roots per variant, which is less than in the control (4 roots).Wheat treated with iron complexates of varying concentrations has a decrease in the total number of roots.The variant with Fe (II), in all concentrations, is similar in results to the Novosil variant and has on average (3.4-3.5 roots) versus the control, where pure water was used (4 roots).The option with iron chelate showed that the effect on the number of roots is significantly lower than that of the control and other options (3 roots).Based on the data, it is clear that the control showed itself to be the option with the maximum number of roots, and the option with iron chelate, as the option with the minimum number of roots.

Conclusion
The database of research publications has more than 500 articles (obtained from open electronic libraries) indexed in the RSCI, where triterpene acids are used in agrochemicals in many fields of activity, ranging from the cosmetic industry to agriculture.Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences A.V. Kuchin found that these acids have a wide scope and research site.
In 2023, 4 agrochemicals used in agriculture as a chemicals and growth stimulants have already been registered over the Russian Federationterritory: "Novosil", "Alfastim", "Biosil", "Verva".The increase the yield of winter wheat by 5-35%, reduction of diseases prevalence by 5-10%, increase the size of the ear, germination energy and germination.Our research and data obtained by other scientists have discovered that the greatest efficiency is realized when these substances are combined with mineral fertilizers.
According to the results of laboratory experience, significant differences were found between the study options: Fe (II) inhibits the studied biometric data in all the 0 0.5 concentrations studied.Also, the germination of seeds (in high concentration) and the formation of additional roots decreases.The iron chelate solution does not significantly affect the size of the seedling, but increases the root length in small concentrations (0.1%), increases the germination of cereal seeds in the studied concentrations and reduces the number of formed roots.A significant effect on the size of the seedling has been found, and studies are required on the concentrations options, on approaches to the use of these chemicals to affect the size of the root.

Discussion
Triterpene acids are the basis for drugs that are used in many fields of activity, from cosmetics to rural industry.This active substance has a long history and is the basis for many studies.
According to the analytical and grouped analysis of the studied drugs, it follows that the efficiency of increasing the yield of winter wheat, when using drugs based on triterpene acids and subject to certain conditions, can reach more than 30% [29].
Preparations based on triterpene acids show the greatest effectiveness when used together with mineral fertilizers.
The considered practical experiments allow us to recommend triterpene acids as a growth stimulant for such an agricultural crop as winter wheat [29][30].

Fig. 2 .
Fig. 2. The influence of options on the formation of adventitious roots.

Table 1 -
The influence of iron solutions and the growth stimulator "Novosil" on the biometric parameters of the winter wheat variety Scepter, 2023, cm.