Research on nature-like and high-tech means to enhance winter wheat growth and development

. The search and creation of agrochemicals of a new generation, similar to bioprotectors, for agriculture is an urgent task of today scientific findings. The applied high-tech agrochemicals, in addition to their protective properties, have positive effect on the growth and development of cereals. The initial stages of growth and development (stress phases) are passing better with the introduction of effective fertilizers, agrochemicals and growth regulators. However, the use of their concentrated solutions is ineffective due to losses or transitions to an inaccessible state. Prolonged gradual release of Fe (II) will provide the concentration required for plants in the soil.


Introduction
Biologically active substances have fascinated scientists for several centuries, Bioprotective substances (for example: TiO2, Ag, SiO2, ZrO2, CeO2, etc.) have aroused wide interest of scientists in the last century.Their prospective use may reduce the amount of fertilizers required for application, which is the most important environmental and economic factor for the development of this scientific area [1][2][3][4][5].Unfortunately, modern usage of fertilizers has a significant number of problems.These are, for example, loss due to surface runoff, denitrification, leaching and volatilization, which leads to low efficiency of fertilizers [6,7].The indicated bioprotective substances, in addition to their directly protective properties, can increase the digestibility of nutrients, improve the efficiency of fertilizers and, accordingly, reduce their consumption [8][9][10].However, the content of this substances have to be controlled in the soil, as it is done for fertilizers.Polymer materials that provide long-term release of active elements can come into this process.These materials act as a matrix.The research uses composite material based on chitosan, which is non-toxic, non-immunogenic, antimicrobial, biologically safe and biodegradable polymer material, that complements iron ions and agrochemicals, which are already widely used in agriculture.The carried out research in the methodological representation for agrochemicals, water sources and springs (at nature-like level of the resource base) during the growth and development of cereals [11][12][13].Titanium dioxide is chosen as a less-studied issue.The research shows the prospects of expanding this issue exploration.The goal of this work is to create, find, and study the structural and functional properties of new generation agrochemicals, similar to bioprotectors in row with material "chitosan -titanium dioxide".

Research methodology
The collection of scientific information on the conducted research is carried out using the electronic library Elibrary and its internal functionality.The object of information collection is agrochemicals, fertilizers and growth stimulants containing trace elements, rare earth metals, Oxides, dioxic and non-valent forms.The reference growth regulators are triterpenic acid products for agricultural purposes: "Biosil", "Alfastim", "Verva", "Novosil".Processing and visualization is carried out using Excel.Granules of the composite material "chitosantitanium dioxide" are obtained by the drip method under the grant of the Russian Scientific Foundation No. 22-23-00968, https://rscf.ru/project/22-23-00968/".For this purpose, a sample of high-molecular chitosan (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) weighing 0.75 g in 28 ml is taken, which is dissolved in orthophosphoric acid (Chemspecialization LLC, Russia) with constant stirring.The solution is brought to a homogeneous state and titanium dioxide powder weighing 0.25, 0.5 or 0.75 g is added and mixed for uniform distribution by volume.The prepared solution is dripped into aqueous ammonia and left for 20 minutes.After that, the granules are ished with distilled water.To dry the obtained granules of the composite material, they are first frozen for 5 hours at a temperature of -19 ° C, and then placed in freeze drying.The analysis of the quality of the structure of the resulting composite material is performed on an Altami MET optical microscope, which allows observations by light and dark fields, as well as in polarized light.The microscope is equipped with a two-coordinate slide table; in a stabilized light source using a 12V -100W halogen lamp; and a specialized high-resolution digital video camera Altami U3CMOS14000KA (14 megapixels).To perform image analysis and study the structure of the resulting composite material, the licensed Altami Studio 4.0 Pro program is used, with a "Multi-focus" filter that allows one image to be assembled from images with different focal length values in such a way that all its elements are in focus.
The experiment is carried out in vitro, using the premises and equipment of the Center for Biophotonics of the A.M. Prokhorov IOF of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Department of Agrotechnology of the Orenburg State Agrarian University.
LED lamps (LED) consisting of white LEDs are used to illuminate the plants.The value of the photon flux density (PPFD -photosynthetic photon flux density) during cultivation is 200± 5 mmol/m −2 c −1 .The spectral composition of light is chosen based on the analyzed literature sources: Red (R): Blue (B): Green (G): Far Red (FR) = 50R:15B:30G:5FR.At the same time, the Red:Blue ratio is about 3:1 [14], with a fraction of G irradiation stimulating the growth of lower leaves and, accordingly, fresh mass, no more than 50% [15,16].The temperature is maintained at 25 ± 1 ° C, and the relative humidity is at 70%.
Biometric indicators of winter wheat are used to record the results of the application.The laboratory experiment is conducted in order to identify the effect of iron solutions and the growth stimulant "Novosil" on biometric indicators of varietal wheat.The following solutions are used as test subjects: Novosil (Standard), iron chelate, Fe(II) chelase solution, water containing iron (Spring Spring water "Gorlovka" and water of the urban settlement of Malye Vyazemy), bottled water "Cone forest", distilled water (control).The object of the study is winter wheat of the "Scepter" variety (Included in the State Register).The study used the method of germination of seeds in rolls published in articles [12,13], only instead of the accepted solution (water), variants of the subjects are used, in different concentrations.Various concentrations of the tested solutions are used: from 1% to 0.01%.The accounting is carried out on the 7th day from the moment of the bookmark of the experience options.The calculation and measurement of the main organs and tissues of wheat is carried out in one day, with an accuracy of 0.1 cm.

Results
The initial growth and development of winter wheat is the most difficult and stressful period of plant ontogenesis.Our research allows us to reveal the potential of Scepter wheat with both new-generation titanium-based agrochemicals and nature-like available sources.Thus, a multifunctional study in growth chambers of the Center for Biophotonics of the IOF named after A.M. Prokhorov allowed us to obtain the following results (Table 1).Amazing results are obtained at low concentrations of natural (spring water), nature-like (water sources of industrial settlements) and combined forms, along with natural regulators of growth and development (triterpene acids).The leaf size increased significantly -by 1.8 cm (from Fe(III) 0.01, 26%); by 1.97 cm (from Fe(III) 0.05, 28%); by 1.8 (from 'Cone forest', 26%) on average showing a significant possibility of variability for agricultural production.The most significant result is to increase the growth of the root by 1.04 cm (from 'Cone forest'), 12%); by 1.09 cm (from Fe (III) 0.01, 13%); by 0.97 cm, (from Fe(III) 0.05, 13%) on average showing a significant possibility of strengthening the absorption capacity of the soilabsorbing complex.
We also managed to achieve an increase in the body of protection against stress factorscoleoptile, which, according to the variants of the experiment, respectively increased by 0.4 cm (from Fe(III) 0.05, 9.5%); by 0.3 cm (from Cone forest, 7.2%); by 0.2cm, (from Fe(III) 1%, 4.6%), on average showing a significant possibility of increasing the stress resistance of the 'Scepter' variety.
Of course, a real producer, including a farmer, will also look at the cost-effective indicators of using one or another combination for processing wheat seeds before sowing.The significant variability of the data obtained (Tables 1 and 2) based on the results of the experiment in 4-fold repetition reveals a wide potential for research prospects of the initial stages of development of winter wheat plants.

Fig. 1. Influence of variants of concentrations of agrochemicals, growth regulators on the development of a wheat germ of the Scepter variety, 2023
Fe(III) iron gave the best result in concentration (0.01%) with an increase up to 8.69 cm (+1.8 cm from the control).The second result is Fe(III) with concentration (0.05%) the result of the seedling is 7.86 cm (+1.0 cm from the control).The third result of iron Fe (III) with a concentration of (1%) showed the worst result by an increase of 6.85 cm (-0.01 from the control), but we did not obtain a significant inhibition effect at this concentration.FeNaEDTA with concentration (0.01%) the result of the seedling is 7.63 cm (+0.77 cm from the control).FeNaEDTA with concentration (0.05%) showed the best result in an increase of up to 8.83 cm (+1.97 cm from the control).FeNaEDTA concentration (0.1%) provided a result of 8.04 cm (1.18 cm from the control).The water taken from Spring "Gorlovka" showed a result for a seedling of 8.04 (+1.18 cm from the control), had clearly improving properties of the development of winter wheat of the Scepter variety.Running water Malyye Vyazemy showed a result of 7.76 cm of the seedling (+0.9 cm from the control).Agro-  The first variant of the experiment with the addition of iron Fe (III) in concentration (0.01%) showed a result of 8.82 cm (+0.69 cm from the control).The second variant of Fe (III) with a concentration of (0.05%) showed a result of 6.46 cm from the control of 8.13 cm (-1.67 cm), which showed inhibition of the root system.The third result of iron Fe (III) with a concentration of (1%) showed a root result of 3.08 cm (-5.05 cm from the control), which showed inhibition of the root system.Option four with the addition of FeNaEDTA agrochemicals (0.01%) showed a result for a root value of 8.46 cm from the control of 8.13 (+0.33 cm).Option with the addition of FeNaEDTA (0.05%) showed the best result of 9.22 cm from the control (+1.09 cm).The sixth variant with the addition of FeNaEDTA (0.1%) showed a result of 9.09 cm from the control (+0.33 cm).The seventh, eighth, ninth option, according to the results of the experiment, practically do not differ from the control.The biological preparation "Novosil", which is the standard, showed a significant increase in the size of the roots, on average by 1.04 cm.The last version of the experiment, the publicly available brand of drinking water "Cone Forest", when using this substrate, no significant difference with the control is revealed.
The following studied biometric data (coleoptile) are shown in Figure 3. Option one with the addition of Fe (III) in concentration (0.01%) showed the result up to 4.34 cm (-0.14cm from the control).The second option with the addition of iron Fe (III) in concentration (0.05%) showed stimulation of 3.97 cm of the coleopter (+0.23 cm from the control).Option three with the addition of iron Fe (III) with a concentration of (0.01%) showed a result of 4.40 cm from the control (-0.20 cm).Option four with the addition of the agrochemical FeNaEDTA with a concentration of (0.01%) showed stimulation of 3.99 cm of the coleopter from the control (+0.21cm).Option five with the addition of FeNaEDTA with a concentration of (0.05%) showed the greatest inhibition up to 4.60 cm (-0.4 cm from the control).The variant with the addition of FeNaEDTA with a concentration (0.1%) showed a result with 4.31 (+0.11 cm from the control).Option eight taken with Spring "Gorlovka" showed a result of 4.10 cm (0.1 cm from the control), we have not established a significant effect on stimulation or inhibition of growth and development, as well as with running water with Malyye Vyazemy, showed a result of 4.33 cm coleoptile (-0.13 cm from the control).The agricultural product Novosil results in a coleoptile of 4.51 cm (-0.31 cm).Drinking water purchased at the Cone Forest supermarket showed the result of the development of the seedling 4.06 cm (+0.14 cm from the control).

Discussion
Bioprotective substances (for example: TiO2, Ag, SiO2, ZrO2, CeO2, etc.) have earned wide attention of scientists [17].Their use in the future may reduce the amount of fertilizers required for application, which is the most important environmental and economic factor for the development of this scientific direction [1][2][3][4][5].The modern use of fertilizers has a significant number of problems.These are, for example, loss due to surface runoff, denitrification, leaching and volatilization, which leads to low fertilizer efficiency.[6,7,18].The designated bioprotective substances, in addition to directly protective properties, can increase the digestibility of nutrients, improve the effectiveness of fertilizers and, accordingly, reduce their consumption.[19 -21].However, these substances must be controlled in the soil in the same way as fertilizers.Studies have found a significant increase in the development of the roots of winter wheat of the Scepter variety (by 1.09 cm with FeNaEDTA 0.05%).To strengthen the resistance of winter wheat to stress, the development of plant coleoptile is studied and the most effective concentrations of Fe(II) and Fe(III) are established: the increase is 0.4 cm (from Fe(III) 0.05, 9.5%), by 0.2cm, (from Fe(III) 1%, 4.6%).It is also found that natural water sources, technologically available for use, allow to increase the length of the coleoptile and strengthen protection against stress -the length increased by 0.3 cm (Cone forest, 7.2%) (see Fig. 4).
The efficiency of photosynthesis depends on the rate of development of the aboveground part of winter wheat, studies have determined that a larger (compared with coleoptile) concentration range has a positive effect (Fig. 5).It is difficult to establish the relationship between the root system, as a provider of macroand microelements for the vital activity of a plant from a soil-absorbing complex, and a coleoptile at a significant level.The relationship and development of roots and stems can be E3S Web of Conferences 462, 02045 (2023) AFE-2023 https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202346202045improved by exposure to natural water sources (spring water, 'Cone forest') and high-tech agrochemicals with minimal application rates (according to Fe(III) 0.05% from 0.1% with an efficiency of 13.3% and 11.7%, respectively).

Conclusion
It is necessary to expand research on nature-like and high-tech agrochemicals for the effective development of winter wheat at the initial stages of ontogenesis.
The most effective options for increasing coleoptile are those using Fe(III) (0.1%) by 9.5%; Cone Forest by 7.2% and FeNaEDTA 0.05% by 4.6%.For the root system, as an organ of extraction and delivery of nutrients from the soil-absorption complex, concentrations are determined for Fe(III) (0.05%) with an increase in size by 13.3%; Cone Forest -by 12.6% and FeNaEDTA (0.1%) -by 11.7%.
A confident correlation is obtained by studying the relations of two dominant indicators (the length of the green part (seedling) and roots) and amounts to 0.61 (Pearson's criterion > 0.5) The carried out research reveals prospects of broad opportunities for the less expensive use of high-tech forms of titanium or iron, and in specific cases allow the use of natural sources to exibit effective development of winter wheat plants.
The work is carried out as part of the implementation of a comprehensive project to create high-tech production, provided for by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 218 dated 09.04.2010 on the topic "High-tech production of soils by innovative iste processing methods" (Contract No. 075-11-2021-059 dated June 24, 2021, the identifier of the state contract 000000S407521QL90002), and partially at the funding of the grant of the Russian Science Foundation No. 22-23-00968, https://rscf.ru/project/22-23-00968/

Fig. 2 .
Fig. 2. Influence of variants of concentrations of agrochemicals, growth regulators on the average value of the root size of wheat variety Scepter, 2023 /doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202346202045

Fig. 4 .
Fig. 4. Variability of the method of studying biometric indicators using modern scanners with acceptable resolution on wheat of the "Scepter" variety, 2023.

Fig. 5 .
Fig. 5. Investigation of the effect of biologics, iron complexates, prepared aqueous solutions on biometric indicators of wheat of the "Scepter" variety (2023)

Table 1 .
The influence of agrochemicals, trace elements, nature-like means andtypes of water on the growth and development of wheat of the variety 'Scepter'According to the results of measurements of the growth and development of tissues, organs and a data set, both negative and positive correlations are established (Table2).

Table 2 .
Correlative indicators of the series of averaged obtained data on the growth and development of winter wheat tissues at the initial stages of growth and development (according to Table1) preparation Novosil the result of the seedling is 8.67 (+1.81 cm from the control).Drinking water purchased at the Cone Forest supermarket showed the result of the development of the seedling 7.33 cm (+0.4 cm from the control).
Influence of variants of concentrations of agrochemicals, growth regulators on the average value of the coleoptile size of wheat of the Scepter variety, 2023.