Socio-economic indicators of the rural population life quality in ESG economic growth model

. The article considers socioeconomic indicators of the quality of life of the population of rural areas in the context of the ESG model of economic development. The article analyses the main factors that shape the living conditions of the population on the basis of statistical data, carries out subjective assessment of residents of external factors of life, and studies the experience of life quality management in the regions where there is an increase or preservation of the population of rural areas It is concluded that in the Republic of Bashkortostan, according to statistical data, there is an annual decline in the number of rural populations, living conditions are characterised by underdeveloped infrastructure, a relatively high level of unemployment and poverty, a low level of income, as well as according to the assessment of the residents themselves, is characterised by low provision with financial and material resources, in areas with a high development of mining and oil industry, there are also environmental problems. At the same time, according to the authors, the currently implemented regional measures to support rural areas will have a favourable impact, including on the socioeconomic indicators of the quality of life of the rural population. It is proposed to study the quality of life of the rural population and its management from the position of ESG-model of economic development, which includes environmental, social and management criteria of sustainable development of rural areas and provides a comprehensive approach to solving socioeconomic problems of economically vulnerable territories.


Introduction
The relevance of the study of socio-economic indicators of the population's quality of life in the ESG-model of economic development of rural areas is due to a number of prerequisites: 1) rural areas are always vulnerable to external factors and when general economic difficulties arise in the country, it is the rural population that reacts most sensitively to these changes; 2) the socio-economic situation of villages has always required such management, which would ensure sustainable development of socio-ecological-economic balance of the territory; 3) qualitative living conditions of the population of rural territories, preservation and increase of human capital of villages remains the central issue in making managerial decisions; 4) ESG-model of economic development specifies the main goals and objectives of continuous improvement of the quality of life of rural population.
The ESG-model itself contains such components as E -Environment -"environment", S -Social -"society", G -Governance -"management" and is aimed at creating comfortable living conditions for the society, careful attitude to the environment, ensuring high level management.Thus, the ESG-model assessment ratings of economic development of countries and regions take into account such factors as health, demography, welfare, labour market conditions, education, poverty and inequality, health and nutrition, which determine the quality of life of the population [1,2].
Thus, the study of socio-economic indicators of the quality of life of the population of rural areas in the context of the ESG-model of economic development will help to specify the problems of the rural population and identify management tasks.

Research Methodology
The aim of the study is to determine the place of socio-economic indicators of the quality of life of the population of the ESG-model of economic growth and to analyse the life of the rural population by these indicators.The methods of economic and statistical analysis, comparison, generalisation, grouping, graphical methods of data presentation were used as research tools.

Research Findings
The study identified a number of factors determining the quality of life of the population: general territorial, economic and material, social (including legal and social protection), educational, medical, environmental factors and cultural and leisure factors.The quality of life of the rural population was assessed according to these factors by objective and subjective indicators.
The main socio-economic indicators assessing the factors of the quality of life are distributed in the ESG-model of economic development (Table 1).
Further, the socio-economic indicators of the quality of life of rural population were analysed.This article presents a part of them.
In the Republic of Bashkortostan there are 4077.6thousand people (as of 1 January 2023, 4002.0 thousand people -as of 1 January 2022) [3].The share of rural population is equal to 37.1% or 1496.7 thousand people (as of 1 January 2022) [4].There is an annual decrease in the share of rural population.
The share of rural population in the Republic of Bashkortostan is higher than the average Russian indicator (25.2%) and ranks second in the Volga Federal District, after the Orenburg region (38.9%) (Fig. 1).Objective indicators: number of families receiving subsidies for housing and utilities at the end of the reporting period; number of families receiving subsidies for housing and utilities during the reporting period; number of people living in dilapidated residential buildings; commissioning of individual residential buildings on the territory of the municipality; level of education of the population (per 1,000 people aged 15 or more who indicated their level of education); number of general education organisations at the beginning of the school year; number of educational institutions at the beginning of the school year (for 1000 people).
Objective indicators: gross regional product; industrial index; agricultural output; commissioning of residential buildings; average annual number of employed persons; investments in fixed capital formation of the institutional environment of quality living conditions for the population.
Subjective indicators (in %): the share of the population noting that they live in an ecologically clean neighbourhood; the share of the population noting the impact of the ecological situation of their place of residence on their health.

Subjective indicators (in %):
the share of residents who believe that living has become more comfortable due to the introduction of technologies for collecting information about life (e.g., hidden cameras), transport sensors (where the bus is, transport timetables at bus stops); the share of residents who believe that they have received quality education.

Subjective indicators (in %):
the share of citizens who are satisfied with the improvement of the settlement; the share of citizens who believe that their own knowledge and skills meet the requirements of the labour market; the share of citizens who believe that the provided state support to improve the conditions and quality of life of the population is objective.The population of rural areas lives in 54 municipal districts of the Republic of Bashkortostan, the population density is equal to about 28 people per 1 square metre.

Source: compiled by the authors
Most of the rural population lives in settlements of less than 10 thousand people.The quality of life in these settlements is comparatively lower, consisting in insufficiently developed communication, transport and engineering infrastructure, lack of conditions in the field of education, health care, housing and communal and social services that meet modern requirements.Rural areas are characterised by high levels of unemployment and poverty.
Thus, the labour force participation rate of the rural population in the Republic of Bashkortostan is 52.1%, which is below the average for the Russian Federation (57.0%) and the Volga Federal District (56.2%).The employment rate of the rural population in the Republic of Bashkortostan is 49.2 per cent, which is also below the average for the Russian Federation (53.1 per cent) and the Volga Federal District (53.5 per cent).The unemployment rate of the rural population in the Republic of Bashkortostan is 5.7 per cent, which is below the average for the Russian Federation (6.9 per cent) and above the Volga Federal District (4.7 per cent).
The income level of the rural population is comparatively lower than that of the urban population, as the average monthly nominal wage in agriculture is 18.0 thousand roubles, which is 45.5 per cent of the average wage in the economy.
In most municipal districts of the region, agriculture is the main sphere of labour activity of the rural population.
In January-May 2023, the largest area of residential premises per 1,000 population was in the Ufa (1,553 square metres), Iglinsky (1,106 square metres), Sterlitamaksky (834 square metres) and rural settlements of Ishimbaysky (673 square metres) districts.
For a more complete understanding of the quality of life of the population of the Republic of Bashkortostan, including the rural population, we conducted a survey of the population.The survey was conducted online through the Google Forms platform in the period from August to November 2021.In the survey "My well-being" the questions were designed in such a way that they could reflect generally accepted factors of the quality of life and had the following sections: general data, social, economic and material, psychological, medical, educational, environmental factors and factors of leisure, culture and had holidays.
Interpretation of the survey results showed that 1046 people took part in the survey, 92% of them were residents of 54 municipal districts of the Republic of Bashkortostan, 8% -from other regions of the Russian Federation, 53.7% of respondents live in rural areas [5].
In terms of occupation, most of the interviewed residents of rural areas were employed -61%, pensioners -10%, pupils/students -9%, housewives -8%, unemployed -8%, entrepreneurs -3%, self-employed -1% (Fig. 3).In the structure of expenditures of the population of rural areas, a large share is occupied by the purchase of food products (38%) and loans and mortgages (35%); there are also expenses on payment for services, taxes and mandatory payments, etc. (Fig. 4).

Fig. 4. Structure of expenditures of the population in rural areas
71% of all respondents have their own housing, the rest live with relatives or in rented accommodation.
In order to determine the subjective attitude of the rural population to the quality of life, questions were asked about the infrastructure of the locality where they live, the ecology of the environment and the attitude to support from the state authorities.To the question "Are you satisfied with the improvement of the locality where you live?" 23.1% answered in the affirmative, 34.7% -"more likely yes than no", 26.0% -"more likely no than yes", 16.1% of respondents are not satisfied with the improvement of the settlement.Among the most frequently encountered reasons that negatively affect the improvement of housing were noted poor quality of motor roads, lack of pavements, insufficient illumination of streets, presence of rubbish on the streets and environmental condition of the area.
Half of the surveyed residents consider the area of their residence to be ecologically favourable, while those who consider that there are environmental problems mostly live near mining and oil production industries, and unsatisfactory taste of drinking water is also noted.
To the question "Is the state support provided to improve the quality of life of the population objective?"19.4 per cent answered in the affirmative, 31.4 per cent answered that it is more objective than not, 34.0 per cent answered "more likely no than yes" and 37 per cent answered that it is not objective.
Among additional measures to improve the quality of life, respondents noted the expansion of the range of material and financial assistance for families with many children, an increase in wages for public sector workers, in particular preschool teachers, the provision of jobs for young people, the provision of social loans for low-income families and pensioners, the provision of more affordable health care, and others.
An analysis of the population of rural areas shows that in two regions of the Volga Federal District there is either a positive trend or the population remains at the level of previous years -in the Udmurt Republic, Perm Region and Samara Region (Fig. 1).
According to statistical data, in the Udmurt Republic there is a sharp increase in the rural population in 2013 to 531.2 thousand people, which is 12% more than in 2012 (472.0 thousand people) against the background of a decrease in the total population of 1046.1 thousand people in 2012 to 985.6 thousand people in 2013 [5].Apparently, the increase in the rural population was facilitated by the implementation of a set of programmes for the development of rural areas, in particular, the implementation of the republican target programme "Social Development of Rural Areas for 2011-2015", as well as a number of programmes to support the agro-industrial complex, flax complex, development of small farms in the agro-industrial complex, implemented during this period of time [6][7][8][9][10][11].
The Perm Region implements a programme for the integrated development of rural areas, as well as grants "Agrostartup", "Agrotourism", "Agroprogress", a grant to agricultural consumer cooperatives for the development of material and technical base [12].
In the Samara region the state programme of the Samara region "Integrated development of rural areas of the Samara region for 2020 -2025 years" is implemented, the provision of social payments for the construction (purchase) of housing to citizens of the Russian Federation living in rural areas [12].
In the Republic of Bashkortostan, the state programme "Integrated development of rural areas of the Republic of Bashkortostan", designed to create comfortable living conditions in rural areas, has been implemented since 2020, approved in 2019 [13].This programme replaced the previously implemented subprogramme "Sustainable development of rural areas in the Republic of Bashkortostan until 2020" of the state programme "Development of agriculture and regulation of markets of agricultural products, raw materials and foodstuffs in the Republic of Bashkortostan".In our opinion, the implementation of a separate programme to support and develop rural areas will also contribute to improving the quality of life of the rural population [14][15][16][17].

Conclusion
The analysis has shown that the number of rural population in the Republic of Bashkortostan is annually decreasing.The quality of life of the rural population, according to statistical data, is comparatively lower than that of the urban population.The main problems for the population of villages are insufficient infrastructure development, high unemployment and poverty, and relatively low-income levels.
As additional measures to improve quality of life, residents noted the need for additional support for low-income families, pensioners, and young people [18][19][20].
The conducted analysis can serve as an analytical basis for the development of a set of measures to improve the quality of life of the population from the position of the ESGmodel of economic growth of rural areas.

Fig. 3 .
Fig. 3. Occupation of surveyed residents of rural areas

Table 1 .
Socio-economic indicators for assessing the quality of life in the structure of ESG-model of economic growth