Improving the efficiency of using easily renewable resources in agriculture of the Kamchatka Territory

. The article is devoted to the study of the environmental impact of pre-pressed fish broth on soil fertility, which contributes to improving the quality of products and the renewal of resources in the Kamchatka Territory. Solving the problems of intensification of agriculture and increasing soil fertility mainly through the widespread use of pre-pressed broth and developing techniques that will reduce production costs and increase the efficiency of using easily renewable resources in agriculture of the Kamchatka Territory. Generally accepted methods of crop production, agriculture and agrochemistry were used in the research. In the experiment, a pre-pressed broth formed as a result of processing fish waste into flour was used. In the experiment, a pre-pressed broth formed as a result of processing fish waste into flour was used in order to increase soil fertility. The introduction of pre-pressed broth was carried out in autumn, winter, spring and summer. The study provides experimental data confirming the hypothesis that fractional use of pre-pressed fish broth throughout the year for fodder crops is one of the most rational methods of its disposal. The data on the effect of pre-pressed broth doses from fishmeal processing on the agrochemical properties of the soil (the content of available forms of nitrogen, exchangeable potassium, mobile forms of trace elements have been shown), yield and quality of oats (yield and chemical composition of the green mass of oats). The use of pre-pressed broth after the production of fishmeal as an organic fertilizer for composting peat with manure and application in its pure form can be considered promising.


Introduction
In recent years, there has been an acute problem of improving the quality of ochre-volcanic soils, reducing the yield and quality of crops, as well as increasing production costs.Cultivation of monocultures, incorrect application of fertilizers and chemicals, uncontrolled soil erosion -all this leads to leaching of nutrients and deterioration of its structure.[1][2][3].To solve this problem, it is necessary to apply an integrated approach.First of all, it is necessary to analyze the soil and determine its composition and needs, develop a fertilizer application plan that will take into account the needs of the soil and cultivated plants.In most cases, it is recommended to use organic fertilizers such as compost, humus or green fertilizer to restore the content of humus and exchangeable potassium.
The search for new fertilizers and methods of their application, such as the utilization of pre-pressed broth, may be one of the directions for the development of scientific research in this area.However, it is necessary to conduct additional research and experiments to determine the optimal dosages and methods of using pre-pressed broth as a fertilizer for ochre-volcanic soils.It is also important to take into account the potential negative consequences of such use, for example, the possibility of contamination of groundwater or the accumulation of toxic substances in the soil.The use of pre-pressed broth, formed after the production of fishmeal, as an organic fertilizer when composting peat with manure, as well as the use in its pure form, cannot be considered unpromising.The research of the Orenburg Research Institute and other Research Institutes on the use of organic waste generated during the processing of fish at fish canneries, microbial biomass obtained by microbiological synthesis from various food industry wastes when used in soil gives a positive result for the cultivation of agricultural products.Therefore, the research is aimed at finding new means for the use of organic fertilizers.Conducting research can give a final solution to the issue of waste water disposal of their use when used in agricultural production [7].One of these materials can be considered a pre-pressed broth, which is formed during the production of fishmeal.According to the results of chemical analysis, the pre-pressed broth contains a significant amount of organic substances, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, a wide range of trace elements necessary for plant nutrition.According to available data, the components that make up the pre-pressed broth, in terms of efficiency, are not inferior to traditional mineral and organic fertilizers.In this regard, pre-pressed broth can be considered as a basis for obtaining organic fertilizers [11].
The main effect of liquid pre-pressed broth in comparison with solid organic fertilizers is expressed in a rapid and significant increase in the number of nitrifiers, which increases the nitrifying ability of the soil [15].
Studies on the fractional introduction of pre-pressed broth, which is more effective than a one-time one.Continuous application in winter, and then in summer and plowing in autumn makes it possible to undergo the most intensive process of mineralization of organic matter in old-arable overgrown fields, reduces the nitrate load on the soil.The destruction of organic matter, a year after plowing, amounted to 52.8%, with the introduction of pre-pressed broth only in June -August and plowing in autumn -this figure did not exceed 31.4%.The introduction of pre-pressed broth in winter helps to reduce its concentration by mixing with snow, which allows for higher doses [14].
The complex of techniques aimed at reproducing soil fertility based on the use of prepressed broth is based on the concept of increasing the biological activity of the arable soil layer by creating optimal conditions for the further development of soil biota [8,16].The use of pre-pressed broth will contribute to a favorable environmental situation, eliminate the danger of soil contamination by pathogenic microorganisms and weed seeds.
The purpose of the study: solving the problems of intensification of agriculture and increasing soil fertility mainly through the widespread use of pre-pressed broth and developing techniques that will reduce production costs and increase the efficiency of using easily renewable resources in agriculture of the Kamchatka Territory.
The objectives of the study included: -to study the effect of pre-pressed broth introduced in autumn, winter and spring-summer on the yield of oats for green fodder and agrochemical indicators of the soil; -determine the optimal dose of pre-pressed broth to ensure stabilization of soil fertility and reduce costs when growing oats for green fodder; -develop measures to improve farmland using pre-pressed broth.
Methodology.During the experiment, pre-pressed fish broth, which is waste from the production of fish products, was used as a fertilizer for ochre-volcanic soils.The plowing and evaluation of the introduction of pre-pressed broth occurred after autumn, winter and springsummer application.The data were compared with the control values in each period.
The pre-pressed fish broth used as fertilizer contains a significant amount of organic substances (cod more than 10,000 mg/l), nitrogen compounds (84.7 mg/l) and phosphorus (33.3 mg/l), and also has a chloride-sulfate composition with a neutral reaction (pH 6.9-7.5),which corresponds to environmental requirements.Trace elements and heavy metals are contained in quantities below or close to the maximum permissible concentrations (MPC).According to bacteriological analysis, the pre-pressed broth used in the experiments is suitable for use as a fertilizer, since it does not contain toxic and dangerous substances [11,12].
The soil cover of the Kamchatka Territory is still poorly studied.Currently, 26 types of soils are known, and only 11 of them are associated with the specifics of volcanic soil formation [6].Kamchatka volcanic soils are characterized by a high content of organic substances, acidic or slightly acidic reaction and low saturation of bases, the role of soilforming rocks for all volcanic soils of Kamchatka is performed by weakly eroding volcanic ash.[10, p. 103].In the geochemical specialization of volcanic soils of the Kamchatka Peninsula, four soil provinces are distinguished, reflecting the composition of near-surface ash affecting agriculture: I -Northern (andesite ash composition), II -Central (rhyodacite ash composition), III -Western (rhyodacite ash composition), IV -Southeastern (andesitebasalt ash composition) (fig.1).The complexity of Kamchatka soils in agriculture is associated with several factors: -volcanic soils have a diverse composition and structure, some of these soils may be acidic or with a high content of heavy metals, which limits the possibilities for growing certain crops, as well as the choice of optimal processing methods and fertilizers; -the climate is characterized by low temperatures, short summers and high humidity, which makes it difficult to grow heat-loving crops and requires the use of special methods to protect plants from adverse weather conditions; -due to the remoteness of the region from the central regions of Russia, access to seeds, fertilizers and other agrotechnical resources is limited, which increases the cost of agricultural activities and limits the choice of crops for cultivation.
In general, the complexity of Kamchatka soils in agriculture requires a special approach to the selection of crops, the use of agrotechnical methods and protection from adverse weather conditions.However, with the right approach and the use of appropriate technologies, these soils can be used for the successful cultivation of various crops.
According to T.P. Vodopyanova, one of the ways to ensure resource efficiency is the development and application of new technologies and production methods that allow you to get more products with less resources [2, p. 61].Resource efficiency of natural elements makes it possible to preserve reserves of natural resources, minimize the negative impact on the environment and ensure sustainable economic growth.Increasing the efficiency of the use of easily renewable resources in the agro-industrial complex contributes to the efficiency of production processes, the creation of new improved products, ensures the achievement of balanced macroeconomic indicators and stabilization of resource prices.
Mirzakulov G.M., Makhamatov A.A. pay attention to the factors influencing the deterioration of the ecological situation: the nature intensity of traditional Russian technologies and the extensive management [12].
Rusakova I.V., Shabardina N.P. pay attention to the use of easily renewable biological resources of agrocenoses to increase the efficiency of agriculture on ochre-volcanic soils: the use of siderative crops with a high nitrogen content and readily available organic compounds generally increases the activity of biological processes in the soil, but does not give a stable and long-term increase in microbial biomass [13].
The use of soils for agricultural purposes has been studied even less.The most suitable for growing crops are sod-meadow soils, marsh and podzolic types of soils, however, they require improvement for growing crops.
Volcanic soils are widely used in world agriculture, special attention is paid to irreversible losses of potassium in them.Zharikova E.A. revealed that even with a high potassium content in synlitogenic soils, the introduction of potash and organic fertilizers contributes to significant yield increases [5].The main sources of potassium in agriculture are chemical or organic potassium, ash, siderative crops, compost, manure, plant tops.
For the domestic fishing industry, the problems of processing fish processing waste, which can become secondary resources for production, are relevant.Such industrial waste includes the formation of pre-pressed broths formed during the production of feed fish meal by pressing-drying and centrifuge-drying methods, as well as waste washing water formed during the production of minced fish, liquid effluents after washing, cutting and defrosting of fish, sewage from shrimp and canning industries.These wastes contain a significant amount of protein, fat and other useful components that can be used in the production of fish and animal feed, food additives and other products.However, the processing of these wastes requires special technologies and equipment, as well as strict quality control to avoid contamination and preserve the nutritional value of products.In addition, the processing of secondary raw materials of fish processing may have environmental problems.A high concentration of organic substances and nitrogen compounds in waste can lead to contamination of water resources if appropriate wastewater treatment methods are not applied.Also, uncontrolled storage or incineration of waste can cause pollution of the atmosphere and soil.
Fish pre-pressed broths obtained as a by-product in the production of fish feed meal contain a significant amount of nitrogenous substances.Non-protein nitrogen in pre-pressed broths contains from 45 to 85% of total nitrogen, including amino acid nitrogen, depending on the type of raw material from 18 to 40%.Numerous studies have confirmed that prepressed broths contain all the essential amino acids, including lysine, as well as B vitamins, which makes them a valuable object in terms of feed and biological value [14].The majority of fish processing enterprises that produce feed fish meal according to the press-drying and centrifuge-drying schemes do not have equipment for processing fish pre-pressed broths.With the all-Russian annual production volume of feed fish meal of about 100 thousand tons with broths, about 30 thousand tons of full-fledged protein substances contained in them are irretrievably lost.Thus, the use of pre-pressed fish broths in agriculture will allow: firstly, to use the nutrient medium that is still being lost; secondly, it eliminates the need for enterprises to purchase and maintain equipment for processing pre-pressed fish broths; thirdly, it solves the environmental problem associated with the storage and disposal of fish production waste.

The results obtained and their discussion
The study involved soils of the Southeastern zone of the Kamchatka Peninsula belonging to the type of sod-podzolic soils with ash content of andesite-basalt composition.
The greatest intensity of decomposition of fiber by the end of the growing season was observed when applying pre-pressed broth in autumn, winter, spring and summer, which amounted to 57.2%.when pouring broth in winter, spring and summer, the decomposition of fiber was minimal and amounted to 37.0% (Table 1).Source: compiled by the authors Considering the effect of pre-pressed broth doses from fishmeal processing on the agrochemical properties of the soil, yield and quality of oats, it was found that the content of available forms of nitrogen according to the experimental variants at the end of the year there was a decrease in mineral nitrogen in the control variant from 51.8 to 17.5 mg/kg (Table 2).When pre-pressed broth was introduced into the soil, the amount of mineral nitrogen increased from 17.5 to 23.5 -58.6 mg/kg in all variants, compared to the control variant by 1.3 -3.3 times.Winter application had the least effect on the level of mineral nitrogen.It is noted that the content of mobile phosphorus in the soil increased in all variants of the experiment by an average of 12.9 -23.5% compared to the initial (85 mg/kg).Despite the increase in mobile phosphorus, from the use of pre-pressed broth, the soil remained in the gradation of low security.
Analyzing the data of the agrochemical state of the soil, it can be noted that the content of exchangeable potassium by the end of the growing season in the control variants decreased from 175 to 80 mg/kg compared to the initial one.In the variants with the introduction of pre-pressed broth, there was also a decrease in the exchange of potassium, but in relation to the control variant, its content was 16.2-37.5%higher and was in the range of 93-110 mg/ kg (Table 2).Note.Over the line -in spring, under the line in autumn Source: compiled by the authors Data on the effect of pre-pressed broth on the content of mobile forms of trace elements showed that by the end of the growing season of oats there was a tendency to increase, compared with the initial, the content of sulfur from 2.0-2.2 to 2.6-3.5 mg/kg; manganese from 48-55 to 55-63; cobalt from 0.46-0.60 to 0.65-0.94;molybdenum from 0.05-0.13 to 0.10-0.20;boron 0.36-0.65 to 0.50-0.70;iron from 7-15 to 9-20 mg/kg, and no patterns were found (Table 3).Note.Over the line -in spring, under the line in autumn Source: compiled by the authors Analyzing the yield data, it can be noted that when applying pre-pressed broth, the yield of oats ranged from 366.6-576.6 c/ha versus 160.0 c/ha in the control or was higher by 129.1-254.1% (Table 4).Source: compiled by the authors The chemical composition of the green mass of oats varied depending on the pre-pressed broth introduced.With its increase, crude protein increases in production, the amount of ash, crude fat, potassium, calcium and the fiber content decreases.

Table 3. Content of mobile forms of trace elements at the experimental site
The crude protein content in all variants of the experiment changed in the range of 12.60-18.60%,while in the control (without fertilizers) it amounted to 9.20% (Table 5).When adding pre-pressed broth, the content of raw fiber varied in variants from 32.35 to 34.44%, at the control 38.95, the potassium content from 3.05 to 3.60 with 3.29% in the control.It follows from the data obtained that the content of various chemical elements in the green mass was within the normal range.Source: compiled by the authors In general, we can assume that the quality of the grown products is of high quality.
The experiment showed positive results of using pre-pressed broth as a fertilizer.Cultivated plants grown on soils enriched with pre-pressed broth had better productivity and quality.This indicates that pre-pressed broth can be an effective and safe way to increase soil fertility.However, further research is needed to determine the optimal doses and methods of using pre-pressed broth.It is also important to take into account the characteristics of each specific area of soil and cultivated plants when developing a fertilizer application plan.
In general, the use of pre-pressed broth can be one of the ways to improve soil fertility and increase crop productivity.However, it is necessary to take into account all aspects and conduct additional research to ensure the effective and safe use of this fertilizer.
The assessment of the economic efficiency of applying pre-pressed fish broth to increase soil fertility and yield will include the costs of storage and transportation, the introduction of broth into the soil, which significantly increases economic efficiency compared with processing for use as feed elements in animal husbandry, as well as taking into account the costs of disposal of production and processing waste.

Conclusions
The results of the study of the effect of pre-pressed broth introduced in autumn, winter and spring-summer on the yield of oats for green fodder and agrochemical indicators of the soil have determined a positive trend, therefore, it is necessary to develop recommendations for improving farmland using pre-pressed broth for the Kamchatka Territory.
The study also determined the optimal dose of pre-pressed broth to ensure stabilization of soil fertility and reduce costs when growing oats for green fodder.
The conducted research allowed to solve one of the acute environmental problems, the utilization of pre-pressed broth after the production of fishmeal in Kamchatka.Among the largest number of ways to dispose of it, its use as a fertilizer is one of the most economical and environmentally friendly in terms of industrial emissions control.The use of pre-pressed broth after the production of fishmeal as an organic fertilizer for composting peat with manure, as well as the use in its pure form, can be considered promising.
Thus, fractional use of pre-pressed broth throughout the year for fodder crops is one of the most rational methods of its disposal and leads to environmental safety of products in the Kamchatka Territory, providing its competitive advantages.
An important aspect is also the training of agricultural workers in the correct methods of soil cultivation and the use of fertilizers.To increase the fertility of ochre-volcanic soils, it is necessary to use an integrated approach, including soil analysis, proper application of fertilizers, soil conservation and training of agricultural workers.This will help to improve the quality and productivity of crops and ensure the sustainable development of agriculture.
Further study of the topic may be related to calculations of the economic efficiency of using pre-pressed broth in order to increase agrochemical indicators of soils.

Table 1 .
The effect of pre-pressed broth on the biological activity of the soil

Table 2 .
Agrochemical state of the soil under the influence of pre-pressed broth when growing oats (mg/kg)

Table 4 .
The effect of pre-pressed broth on the yield of green mass of oats

Table 5 .
Chemical composition of green mass of oats