Study of the optimal distance between electric charging stations located on highways

. The study analyzes the optimal distance between electric charging stations located on highways passing between settlements in the northern regions. The analysis was carried out on the basis of a survey of electric vehicle owners on the optimal distance of the optimal distance between electric charging stations located on the roads passing between settlements in the northern regions. The data obtained reflect the optimal distance between electric filling stations, taking into account special conditions for the operation of electric vehicles in the northern regions, where in winter the temperature can drop to -40 ... -50 C 0 . The results of the analysis may be of interest to companies producing electric vehicles and when conducting research in the field of operation of electric vehicles in the northern regions. In addition, these studies may be of interest to developers of transport infrastructure development programs in the northern regions.


Introduction
Movement between settlements in the northern regions has a number of features, including the underdevelopment of transport infrastructure, including service enterprises, an insufficient number of gas stations and low street temperatures, which increase the fuel consumption of traditional cars and the energy consumption of electric cars.The development of infrastructure for electric vehicles is at an early stage, while in the northern regions such infrastructure is currently in place practically non-existent yet.The design and creation of infrastructure to ensure the operation of electric vehicles in the northern regions requires a special approach, since the breakdown or run out of energy and, accordingly, the stop of the electric car when moving between settlements threatens the driver and passenger of the electric car.This is due to the fact that the distance between settlements, as a rule, is more than a hundred kilometers, the frequency of passage of cars on such sections can be several hours.Therefore, the correct calculation of the distance between electric charging stations located on the roads, between settlements in the northern regions is certainly important for drivers of electric vehicles.This study is devoted to the analysis of this aspect of the development of transport infrastructure in the northern regions.

Materials and methods
To analyze the optimal distance between electric charging stations located on roads passing between settlements in the northern regions, a survey of electric vehicle drivers in the northern regions was conducted (Table 1).
The survey was conducted in two groups of electric car drivers in the northern regions living in different types of settlements (Table 1).Taking into account the type of drivers' place of residence when analyzing the results of the survey regarding the optimal distance between electric charging stations located on the roads passing between settlements in the northern regions is necessary to take into account the difference in the preferences of drivers of electric vehicles in the northern regions for different types of the place of residence.
Questionnaires were distributed to all surveyed drivers operating electric cars in the northern regions, including the question: in your opinion, what is the preferred option for the optimal distance between electric charging stations located on the roads passing between settlements in the northern regions: 25 km; and 50 km.
The matrix of the experiment when analyzing the opinion of drivers about the optimal distance between electric charging stations located on roads passing between settlements in the northern regions is as follows (Table 2). 3 Results and discussion

First series of measurements
The results of the survey of drivers regarding the optimal distance between electric charging stations located on the roads passing between settlements in the northern regions before and after the introductory use, in part of those living in urban agglomerations, are presented in Figure 1.
Fig. 1.Data on drivers' opinions on the optimal distance between electric charging stations located on highways passing between settlements in the northern regions, in some of those living in urban agglomerations.

Second series of measurements
The results of the survey of drivers regarding the optimal distance between electric charging stations located on the roads passing between settlements in the northern regions, in part living in rural areas, are presented in Figure 2.
Fig. 2. Data on drivers' opinions on the optimal distance between electric charging stations located on highways passing between settlements in the northern regions, in part of those living in rural areas.
The distribution of the arithmetic mean value (M) in the data of a survey of drivers regarding the optimal distance between electric charging stations located on roads passing between settlements in the northern regions was estimated according to the formula proposed in [17][18][19][20]: where X 1 ... Xi is the value of the quantitative attribute, n is the number of observations.
Processing of the results of the survey of drivers regarding the optimal distance between electric filling stations located on the roads passing between settlements in the northern regions of calculations showed that the distribution of data is Gaussian (for all types of drivers).

Discussion
The results of the analysis of drivers' opinions on the optimal distance between electric charging stations located on roads passing between settlements in the northern regions provide data that opinions on the optimal distance between electric charging stations located on roads passing between settlements in the northern regions are distributed among several options (25 km and 50 km) unevenly (Table 3).
Table 3. Indicators of drivers' opinion on the optimal distance between electric charging stations located on roads passing between settlements in the northern regions.

Driver's accommodation
Drivers' choice regarding the optimal distance between electric charging stations located on highways passing between settlements in northern regions 25 km 50km Urban agglomeration in the northern region 91 9 Countryside in the northern region 73 27 Figure 3 shows the percentage of drivers' opinion on the optimal distance between electric filling stations located on roads passing between settlements in northern regions (generalized for all groups of drivers).From the data obtained (Figure 3) it follows that the value of priority relative to the optimal distance between electric charging stations located on roads passing between settlements in the northern regions for drivers is:  25 km -7%;  50 km -13%.

Conclusions
The results of this work contain data on the analysis of drivers' opinions on the optimal distance between electric charging stations located on roads passing between settlements in the northern regions.A survey of a group of 50 drivers was conducted (Table 1) on the optimal distance between electric charging stations located on roads passing between settlements in the northern regions.The data reflect the opinions of drivers in terms of the optimal distance between electric charging stations located on highways passing between settlements in northern regions, living in urban agglomerations and rural areas.The type of driver checkpoint is a data limitation.Analysis of drivers' opinions on the optimal distance between electric charging stations located on the roads passing between settlements in the northern regions showed that the distribution between the two options of distances (25 km and 50 km) in the preferences of drivers is distributed as follows: 77% (25 km) and 13% (50 km).The results of the study of drivers' opinions on the optimal distance between electric charging stations located on roads passing between settlements in the northern regions can be of interest to companies producing electric vehicles and when conducting research in the field of operation of electric vehicles in the northern regions.In addition, these studies may be of interest to developers of transport infrastructure development programs in the northern regions.

Fig. 3 .
Fig. 3.Percentage of drivers' opinion on the optimal distance between electric charging stations located on roads passing between settlements in the northern regions (for all groups of drivers).

Table 1 .
Results of surveys of electric car drivers in the northern regions (depending on the type of settlements).

Table 2 .
Experiment matrix in the analysis of drivers' opinions on the optimal distance between electric charging stations located on roads passing between settlements in the northern regions.