Ensuring transport security during cargo transportation

. Road transport is one of the most widespread and popular in the field of cargo transportation services. Even in the case of using rail, air or sea transport, trucks deliver cargo from a train station, airfield or port to the final destination. Well, in the case of local transportation, trucks are the only way to transport objects from one point to another. This article discusses the analysis of the KAMAZ-55102 dump truck, namely the graphoanalytic calculation of determining the characteristics of the car: the total estimated acceleration time and the total estimated path.


Introduction
In all areas of the national economy, wheeled vehicles are widely used, represented by passenger cars and trucks, buses, wheeled tractors, road construction, special and other machines.The safety of their operation directly depends on the technical condition of the active safety systems, the main of which is the braking system, which provides a reduction in speed to safe values or a complete stop.
It should be noted that due to the intensification of road traffic, recently associated with an annual increase in the number of cars in operation and the non-compliance of the road network with modern requirements, as well as the deterioration of the technical condition of braking systems in the process of operation, the number of road accidents remains unacceptably high, which brings great economic and social damage on a national scale [1,2,3].
Active car safety is a property of a vehicle that reduces the likelihood of an accident (preventing its occurrence).
The analysis of the properties of active security allows to combine them into the following main groups with a certain degree of conditionality:  properties that largely depend on the actions of the driver to control the vehicle (traction-speed, braking, stability, controllability, informativeness);  properties that do not depend or depend to a small extent on the actions of the driver to control the vehicle (reliability of structural elements, weight and overall parameters);  properties that determine the possibility of an effective driver's activity in driving a vehicle (habitability and compliance of the equipment of the driver's workplace with the requirements of ergonomics).Passive safety is a property of a vehicle that reduces the severity of the consequences of an accident.Passive safety manifests itself during the period when the driver, despite the security measures taken, cannot change the nature of the car's movement and prevent an accident.
Passive safety includes many elements, and one of the main ones is a seat belt.If passengers are not wearing seat belts, it is very unlikely that the opened airbags will save them.The second most important element of passive safety is the car body.Its front or rear part should, crumpling, dissipate the released impact energy as much as possible, and the central part of the body should provide as much space as possible for the car's passengers to survive.Interior materials should not only be pleasant to the touch, but should also soften the blow as much as possible.At the same time, they should not crack, so that their fragments do not cause additional damage to passengers [5,6,7].
Composed of a number of factors, often contradictory, passive safety serves to achieve one main task -in the event of an accident, regardless of its severity, to do everything possible to save the lives of people in the car.Thus, the basic requirements for the passive safety of the car can be formulated as follows:  deformations of the front and rear parts of the body (cab) and frame in a collision must provide an acceptable level of deceleration;  maximum absorption of kinetic energy;  the rigidity of the interior should be such as to preserve the life support zone, i.e. to preserve the minimum necessary space, within which the compression of the human body inside the car or tractor is excluded;  measures should be provided to reduce the severity of the consequences of an accident.

Methods
Overtaking is a dangerous and responsible maneuver of a car in traffic, as it is associated either with driving into the oncoming lane, or with a change in position in the flow of vehicles.Overtaking requires free space in front of the overtaking car and is usually performed at a relatively high speed.This leads to a high risk of an accident when overtaking.Depending on traffic conditions (traffic density, speed, etc.), overtaking can be performed either at a constant speed or with acceleration.Overtaking at a constant speed is possible on roads with a carriageway width of more than 7-8 m and a traffic intensity in both directions of less than 40-60 auth./h.A car, regardless of its purpose (cargo, passenger), is always a ground vehicle.Depending on which roads and on which support surfaces the car moves, we calculate the values of the coefficients of adhesion of the car with the road, while taking into account a number of indicators: φv� � 1.5 • φvm � 3 • φvmz .
(1) The obtained values of the coupling coefficients are entered in Table 1 and we build graphs, which are shown in Figure 2.
and the corresponding values of the normal load coefficient of the driving wheels:  for a fully loaded car with a loaded trailer  for a fully loaded road train λ qаn � m a,ved �m о � q а � m оn � q n � ; G qаn � 1 � �q а � m оn � q n � m о and also convenient for plotting λ � � f�G� intermediate values on the hyperbolic "branch" where m о and m о� -accordingly, the weight of the car and trailer in curb condition, kg or t; q а and q � -accordingly, the load capacity of the car and trailer, kg or t; m �,��� and m �,��� -the mass acting on the driving wheels of the car, respectively, in the curb and fully loaded state, kg or t, We build a dependency on the right field on the scale of its left scale λ � � f�G� and a radiation nomogram We determine by calculation according to an empirical formula the values of the coefficient of accounting for the additional inertia of rotating masses where  к -gear ratio of the gearbox.We calculate the coefficients of accounting for rotating masses for each transmission According to the equation of motion of the car, its acceleration is limited by the engine, transmission and driving wheels, Since  �  � about accept values .Calculation results  and  � , entered in the table 2, check on the chart  �  �� т �.

Results and discussion
If the traffic intensity in both directions on a two-lane road exceeds 150-160 vehicles/ h (the phase of connected or partially connected traffic), then cars move in a continuous stream, and the speeds of overtaking and overtaken cars are aligned.Only when there is free space, they start overtaking, combining it with overclocking.Acceleration of the car during overtaking should be carried out with maximum intensity and stops smoothly after its completion.The implementation of such a mode is possible only if there is a necessary interval between the overtaken vehicle and the car moving ahead of it.Otherwise, the driver of the overtaking vehicle will be forced to brake urgently after overtaking by the overtaking car.The values of the overtaking time, the overtaking path and the speed of the overtaking car at the time of completion of overtaking, depending on the speed of the overtaking car, determine the limiting conditions under which overtaking can be completed.Time  р and the way  р acceleration is determined by the graphoanalytic method of E.A. Chudakov and N.A. Yakovlev [4].

Conclusions
Analyzing the obtained indicators of the Kamaz 55102 truck, it can be concluded that this model is perfectly suitable for the transportation of goods for various purposes.Studying the issue of cargo transportation safety, the main indicators of the car were calculated: the total estimated acceleration time, which was 120.42 seconds, and the total estimated path of 2621.89 m.
To ensure safety when overtaking, drivers should follow a number of simple, but no less important rules: 1. Make sure that there are no cars moving in the opposite direction and other obstacles on a sufficient stretch of road to overtake; 2. Reduce the speed to a level that allows you to overtake while complying with all the overtaking requirements described in this section; 3.If the driver is fully confident that he can be overtaken, while the maneuver will be completely safe for all road users, then he can use the right turn indicator to notify about the possibility of overtaking.If you are going to overtake, make sure that the situation for this maneuver is safe.

Table 1 .
Values of coupling coefficients.�� � φ ��� -discrete ratio of coupling coefficients We determine the characteristic values of the coefficient of normal loading of the car and the road train

Table 3 .
The results of graphoanalytic determination of the characteristics of the acceleration of the car KAMAZ-55102 by  � 1, � � 0,02.