Increasing the attractiveness of electric vehicles for consumers in cold climates

. This article examines the factors that constrain the spread of electric vehicles in cold regions. An analysis of the main reasons restraining the spread of electric vehicles in cold regions is carried out, including limited battery life, risks of breakdown in cold temperatures, and underdeveloped infrastructure. Promising research paths aimed at increasing the attractiveness of electric vehicles for users living in cold regions have been identified. Results of the Factor Study Those that restrain the spread of electric vehicles in cold regions can be used to develop environmental programs aimed at increasing the attractiveness of electric vehicles for residents of cold regions, as well as to conduct research aimed at adapting electric vehicles to operation in cold regions


Introduction
The spread of electric vehicles (EV) in regions with non-standard climatic conditions, including hot climates (southern regions) and cold climates (northern regions), is constrained by a number of factors.Such factors include: limited battery life, risks of breakdown in cold temperatures, and underdeveloped infrastructure.At the same time, increasing the attractiveness of electric vehicles for residents of the northern and southern regions is an important factor in reducing the environmental burden on the nature of such regions.To clarify ways to increase the attractiveness of electric vehicles for consumers in regions with a cold climate, an analysis of the main areas of research carried out in this area was carried out.

Materials and methods
In order to clarify ways to increase the attractiveness of electric vehicles for consumers in regions with a cold climate, an analysis of the main reasons hindering the spread of electric vehicles in cold regions and the areas of research carried out in this area was carried out.To analyze the main reasons holding back the spread of electric vehicles in cold regions, a survey of three groups was conducted.
The survey was conducted in three different groups of potential EV operators in cold regions:  the first group of potential operators of electric vehicles in cold regions is private car owners;  the second group of potential operators of electric vehicles in cold regions is corporate car owners;  the third group of potential operators of electric vehicles in cold regions is taxi drivers.A group breakdown of potential EV operators in cold regions (depending on the type of EV operation) was carried out to take into account the difference in opinions of potential EV operators in cold regions in different operating groups.
Questionnaires were distributed to all surveyed potential owners of electric vehicles, including the question: what is the most significant reason holding back the spread of electric vehicles in cold regions:  the first option is limited battery life;  the second option is underdeveloped infrastructure.
For the purposes of collecting and processing data from the survey of potential operators of electric vehicles in cold regions, various methods used in the studies were considered .

First group of potential EV operators in cold regions
The results of the survey of the first group of potential operators of electric vehicles in cold regions (private car owners) are presented in Figure 1.

Second group of potential EV operators in cold regions
The results of the survey of the second group of potential operators of electric vehicles in cold regions (corporate car owners) are presented in Figure 2.

Third group of potential EV operators in cold regions
The results of the survey of the third group of potential operators of electric vehicles in cold regions (taxi drivers) are presented in Figure 3.The distribution of data in the results of a survey of potential operators of electric vehicles in cold regions was assessed using the formula:

Discussion
The results of surveys of potential operators of electric vehicles in cold regions on the most significant reason holding back the spread of electric vehicles in cold regions provide evidence that the use of electric vehicles is promising for residents of cold regions, but at the moment there are constraining factors.Opinions of potential operators of electric vehicles in cold regions on the most significant reason holding back The prevalence of electric vehicles in cold regions is unevenly distributed between the two options (Table 1).
Table 1.Results of surveys of three groups of potential electric vehicle operators in cold regions (depending on the type of electric vehicle operation).

Groups of potential electric vehicle operators in cold regions
The Figure 4 shows the average % of the survey data from potential EV operators in cold regions on the most significant reasons holding back the spread of electric vehicles in cold regions for all operating groups.From the data obtained (Figure 4), it follows that the priority value of the reasons restraining the spread of electric vehicles in cold regions is: limited battery life -77%; Underdevelopment of infrastructure -23%.

Conclusions
The study conducted by the authors presents data on the current directions of ways to increase the attractiveness of electric vehicles for consumers in regions with a cold climate.A survey of potential operators of electric vehicles in cold regions was conducted in three different groups.The survey data provides data on the most relevant direction of increasing the attractiveness of electric vehicles for consumers in regions with cold climates.The data reflect the views of potential operators of electric vehicles in cold regions in three different operating groups.The type of operating groups of potential EV operators in cold regions is a data limitation.From the analysis of the survey data of potential operators of electric vehicles, it follows that the importance of the priority of the reasons restraining the spread of electric vehicles in cold regions is: limited battery life -77%; underdeveloped infrastructure -23%.Solving the problems of increasing the battery life will be the main direction of increasing the attractiveness of electric vehicles for consumers in regions with a cold climate at the moment.The results of the study of current directions for increasing the attractiveness of electric vehicles for consumers in regions with a cold climate can be used to develop new technological and scientific solutions in the field of adapting electric vehicles to operation in regions with a non-standard climate, as well as in conducting new research in this area.

Fig. 1 .
Fig. 1. Results of a survey of the first group of potential operators of electric vehicles in cold regions (private car owners).

Fig. 2 .
Fig. 2. Results of a survey of the second group of potential operators of electric vehicles in cold regions (corporate car owners).

Fig. 3 .
Fig. 3. Results of a survey of the third group of potential operators of electric vehicles in cold regions (taxi drivers).

Fig. 4 .
Fig. 4. The average % of the survey data of potential operators of electric vehicles in cold regions for all operating groups.