IGBT Based Four Quadrant Chopper Drive Closed Loop Control for DC

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Introduction
Using a four-quadrant DC motor drive circuit, the researchers in this learn controlled the speed of a independently stimulated Direct Current (DC) motor in closed-loop mode.This study describes a Proportional Integral (PI) controller-based speed control strategy for an independently excited DC motor.Using various speed control techniques, the DC motor's speed can be adjusted both below and above the rated speed.Changing the field flux can be used to control speed above the rated speed, and changing the armature terminal voltage can be used to be in command of speed below the rated speed.The goal of this study is to employ a chopper circuit to operate a DC motor with great performance [1][2][3].The DC motor's speed is managed by using the chopper circuit as a converter.The control system takes into account four distinct features of controlling DC motors .The comparative analysis of speed manage for a separately excited DC motor utilize various controller types is presented in this research.Due to its simplicity, conventional controllers are frequently used in a variety of industrial applications.Robustness, effectiveness, particularly is when dealing with small load disturbances [4][5][6].However, Fuzzy logic-based controllers exhibit quicker and more reliable responses.In this thesis, the major goal is to regulate the speed of a separately excited DC motor using two different methods: changing the armature voltage for speeds below the rated speed and changing the field flux for rates above the rated speed.In this study, the researchers used a four-quadrant DC motor drive to conduct closed-loop speed control on an independently stimulated Direct Current (DC) motor.Two control circuits that each used a PI controller were developed in order to do this.The bipolar switching circuit refers to the first circuit, [7][8] unipolar switching circuit refers to the second.In this work, a high-power DC-DC step-up converter that uses analogy control circuits and a digital signal processor (DSP) to control the speed of a DC motor is designed and implemented.The technique involves converting 24V DC supply into 135V DC through a two-stage conversion process.This study compares various speed control methods for a separately stimulated DC motor utilizing various controller types.Due to their simplicity, resilience, and efficiency, particularly when the load disturbance is minimal, conventional controllers are widely utilized in several industrial applications.However, fuzzy logic-based controllers have been demonstrated to be quicker and more dependable under high load or rapid load variations.The various drive configurations used in shovel applications are described and analyzed in this study [9][10].The investigation focuses on several drive topologies; shovel duty cycles during typical truck pass loading and the drives' capacity for energy regeneration.Additionally, the study investigates how high-power shovel drives interact with the grid, taking into account variables like harmonics injection, reactive power requirements, and voltage control.

Closed Loop Speed Control of DC Motor
An essential part of electronic devices and systems that supplies electrical power to the different components inside those devices is a power supply, often known as a PSU (Power Supply Unit).Its main job is to change the input voltage from an external source-like a battery or an electrical outlet-into the proper voltage, current, and frequency needed by the device's internal components.An electrical piece of equipment known as a rectifier transforms AC into DC.This is accomplished by allowing current to stream in one way while obstruct it in the other.When a unidirectional flow of electrical current is necessary, rectifiers are utilized in a variety of electronic and electrical systems.They are crucial parts of power supply, circuits for charging batteries, and different electronic gadgets An electronic device or circuit that is used to adjust the strength, duration, or frequency of an electrical signal-typically a voltage or current-is referred to as a "chopper" in the context of electronics and power systems.Choppers, often referred to as voltage regulators or DCto-DC converters, are frequently employed in a variety of applications to effectively manage and modify electrical power.An electronic comparator is a circuit or component that compares two voltages or signals and generates a digital output that shows which input is greater or whether they are equal.In many situations where decision-making based on voltage levels is necessary, comparators are widely employed in electronics and are crucial.Here are some crucial ideas regarding comparators: The conduct waterway in an electrical circuit can be disengaged or coupled by a switch, faltering the flow of electricity or switch it from one conductor to another.The outcome of connecting two or more batteries for a single application is a battery bank.Series and parallel connections of two or more batteries can both be made effectively.Providing electrical energy to recharge batteries or other energy storage devices is the function of a charger, which is a machine or circuit.Its main job is to transform electrical energy from a source-typically the grid or a power sourceinto a form that may be used to recharge a battery.(1) The back emf of the motor is also given: Where the above is given as armature voltage and armature current.
Therefore the above equation gives the armature current and it can be simplified to the below equation ( ) An electronic speed control (ESC) electrical circuit manages and adjusts the speed of an electric motor.Additionally, it might provide motor reverse and lively braking.A system known as a current controller uses an electronic approach to limit the maximum current that can be supplied to a motor.A driver is a circuit or component used in electronics to operate another circuit or component, including a high-power transistor, LCD, stepper motor, SRAM memory, and numerous more A DC-to-DC converter is now strictly required due to the prevalence of DC voltage sources in industrial applications.We can get better results from these applications by using a variable DC supply.A DC motor is a type of electrical appliance that uses DC to produce force.round about all types of DC motors have an inherent electromechanical or electronic system that allow a part of the motor's current to infrequently change direction.Tacho generators are actual speed-measuring devices that determine the speed of a rotating component based on voltage using the basic generator principle.detect current and converting it keen on an production voltage that is uncomplicated to measure and relative to the current elegant through the path being measured is what a current sensor does.Tacho generators are actual speed-measuring devices that determine the speed of a rotating component based on voltage using the basic generator principle.

Simulation Results
Figure .5 shows the Speed kind, initially the speed of the motor is 0 and increased up to the 1000RPM at 0.18 sec and it is in stable condition and decreased to -1000RPM at 0.5sec gradually and it is in stable condition from 0.6sec.Armature current characteristics: Initially the current is 0 and increased at 40 AMP and it decreased at 0.15sec it was maintained in stable condition up to 0.5 sec and it decreased up to -30 AMP and again increased up to 45AMP and it is maintained in stable condition.Torque characteristics: initially the torque is at 0 and torque is increased up to 5 N*M it is maintained constant up to 0.5 sec and gradually decreases up to -7N*M at 0.55sec up to 0.6sec and it is stable.Figure .6shows the graphical representation shows relationship between IGBT and diode current.When the IGBT current is in OFF condition the diode current is in ON state condition and vice-versa.Figure .7 shows the chopper is operated in all the four quadrants.The PMDC motor is controlled in closed loop using four quadrants Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4.When the Q1 and Q4 are in the ON state condition the Q2 and Q3 are in OFF state condition.The motor will operate in overconfident motoring mode.When the Q2 and Q3 are in the ON state the Q1 and Q4 are in the OFF state condition.Therefore the motor will operate in reverse motoring mode.

Prototype Implementation
This paper presents the implementation of hardware-based directional control for a fourwheeled electric vehicle (EV).The key components utilized in the EV plan include two 9V batteries, 4 DC motors, one IC754410NE, an UNO Arduino, and two supporting plates.The study encompasses the design and testing of the four-wheel EV, with the test marks confirming its ability to control forward and reverse directions.Notably, this paper focuses solely on the validation of directional control using Arduino and does not incorporate any artificial intelligence or advanced information technology techniques.Figure 9 illustrates a block illustration depicting the way control system of an electric vehicle.Figure 10 displays the hardware implementation of the electric vehicle, where the battery serves as the participation source.Four DC motors are strategically positioned on each of the four wheels, and the IC I754410NE plays a crucial role in controlling the vehicle's direction.Arduino is employed to generate pulses for precise presumptuous and overturn direction control timings.Investigational validation of the system involved moving the vehicle forward for a distance of 1 meter in 5 seconds and reversing it over the same distance within the same time frame.The overall summary of this paper the upcoming words are electrical vehicles, for this reason we need DC motors and its operation four quadrant required.This type of operation is required two wheel and four wheel vehicles and heavyload vehicles.This paper is presented prototype operation of DC motor with two quadrant control.The motors are controlled by Arduino UNO controller, the Arduino is low level controller.This controller generated pulsed semiconductor switches.

Conclusion
This paper discussed closed-loop control of a direct current Motor using an insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) chopper drives offers efficient speed and torque control in an efficient manner and it also offers the precise modulation of motor voltage and it will enhance the motor performance and reduces the energy consumption.So it is cost efficient method to control PMDC motors in real life.The regulation of the PMDC motor is quite smooth in all four quadrants.The PMDC motor involves the bidirectional control of both the speed and direction of the motor's rotation.

Fig 1 .
Fig 1. Block diagram of the simulation model

Fig . 2 .
Fig .2. Block illustration of closed loop organize of DC motor

Fig. 3 .
Fig.3.controlstrategy for emulation of wind turbine using chopperThe Controllers that merge proportional and important function are known as PI controllers.It is a type of manager that employs PI control actions.Consequently, it is referred to as a PI controller on the other side of the chopper; the DC voltage level might fluctuate.Therefore, chopper transfers serve the same purpose as AC circuit transfers in DC circuits.It is also known as a DC transformer.A DC motor is a type of electrical appliance that uses DC to produce force.A generator is a machine used in the fabrication of electricity that transforms fuel-based or motion-based power (potential and kinetic energy) into electrical energy for use in an external circuit.Electrical loads, or components of a circuit that use (active) electric power, include things like the electrical appliances and lights in a home.The expression may also be used to indicate the amount of electricity a circuit consumes.

Fig. 9
Fig.9 building block diagram of way control EV