Extraction of chrysanthemum oil to produce organic insect repellent

. Commercial repellent treatments incorporating plant-based components have recently gained favourable among users due to the fact They are considered "safe" in compared to long-established synthetic repellents however, this is usually not accurate. Many essential oils included in insect repellents and insecticides are very volatile, which adds to their short lifespan as insect repellents. This problem, however, can be resolved by adding fixatives to increase their lifespan. The objective of developing this organic repellent is to give a productive, totally natural preventive solution to repel cold-blooded and harmful insects. The aim of this project is to produce an organic repellent utilizing chrysanthemum oil and chrysanthemum oil + peppermint oil, and to test the efficacy of both end products. The experimental results exhibited that all three-parameter concentration revealed significant influence on 5 ml, 7 ml and 9 ml given the average mortality time of killing was 2.62 min, 2.34 min, and 3.38 min, respectively, as Chrysanthemum oil and Chrysanthemum oil + peppermint oil that the average mortality time of killing was 2.81 min, 3.04 min, and 2.79 min to cold-blooded insects such as cockroach, flies, and ants. As a result, there is a need to analysed natural materials as biopesticides since they are harmless to humans and the environment. Knowledge gained from ethnobotanical studies on traditional repellent plants is a great resource for the creation of new natural products.


Introduction
Insect-borne diseases continue to be a main cause of disease and death around the world.Cold-blooded insect such as flies and mosquitoes carry disease to almost 700 million people each year.Although insect-borne diseases are currently more prevalent in tropical and subtropical climates, they are present in all parts of the world.The global danger of coldblooded insect transmitted illnesses, along with the related morbidity and death, emphasises the demand for excellent insect repellents.Arthropod bites can be prevented most effectively by avoiding infection and applying insect repellents [1].Insect repellents can be used instead of pesticides.They can be applied to the skin to protect against mosquito, fly, ant, and cockroach bites, or They can be used to keep insects out of an area, including in packaging to prevent an insect invasion of stored items.In many cases, putting insect repellent on the skin is the only viable method to avoid mosquito bites.It is critical to understand which insect repellent products can be depended on to give reliable and long-lasting protection against mosquito bites.Commercially available insect repellents can be divided into two categories namely: synthetic chemicals and plant-derived essential oils.Status of avoiding substances Table 1 shows the characteristics of repellent ingredients [1].

DEET
The age limit depending on the concentration High concentration product over 10% : Prohibited under The insect-repellent characteristics of N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) were identified, and the first DEET product was produced in 1956.DEET remains the most popular insect repellent.Although it is typically considered harmless, negative side effects such as encephalopathy in children, urticaria syndrome, allergy, hypotension, and reduced heart rate have been reported.Several other chemicals have been tested for repellent properties, but none have achieved the economic success that DEET achieved.These substances have the potential to harm both the target insect and non-target organisms such as beneficial insects.These substances also accumulate in food and many human systems, causing cancer.Furthermore, the insects will be able to withstand certain insecticides.As a result, there is a need to analysed natural materials as biopesticides since they are harmless to humans and the environment [1,2].
Pyrethroid is the synthetic version of Pyrethrins that is poisonous, clings to things, and does not dissolve in water.Pyrethroid exposure can produce dizziness, headaches, nausea, vomiting, eye irritation, exhaustion, muscle twitching, unconsciousness, brain and nervous system abnormalities, and immune system failures.The most significant natural substance is Pyrethrin, which is extracted from Chrysanthemum cineraria folium.Pyrethrin has many advantages like rapid degradation, a wide range of effects, and less toxicity to beneficial insects than other insecticides.Also, it kills the target cold-blooded insects at low concentrations and does not accumulate in the food or water.Recently, Pyrethrin is used in many ways like using in organic farms, anti-lice shampoo, and ass sprays to inhabit the insects' houses [3][4].The Chrysanthemum genus contains plants that produce a substance that is unsafe to many insects but not as harmful to mammals, making it a potent and comparatively harmless pesticide.This substance, when concentrated, also serves as a mosquito repellent.Many plant extracts have been identified as having insect-repellent effects and proving that it is safe to use for humans and environmentally friendly [4].Therefore, natural insect repellents were preferred over chemical repellents.Essential oils from many plant species and their combined forms have been shown to be excellent mosquito and insect repellents.Plant-origin repellents, which are safe and biodegradable alternatives to synthetic chemical-based insect repellents for use against insects, have gained popularity due to their ease of availability and lower environmental effect.As a result, efforts have been made to develop new formulations for insects-repellent sticks that combine fixatives with various essential oils [5][6][7].Plant products are emerging as possible mosquito control options, with essential oils of particular significance due to their insecticidal or repellent characteristics.Essential oils are volatile, naturally occurring, complex compounds with a strong odor generated by aromatic plants as secondary metabolites.In nature, essential oils protect plants by acting as antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, and insecticides, and by reducing herbivores' insecurity for such plants [8][9].Hence, the present study aims to develop an eco-friendly insect repellent, a substitute for chemical repellent by using different essential oils, and to produce a natural repellent that is more cost-effective, cheap, and keeps the environment pleasant and health friendly.This study aims to extract and characterize Chrysanthemum oil and peppermint essential oil and assess it as antioxidant and antibacterial.

Material and method
The method for extracting the chrysanthemum essential oil comprises the following steps: pretreatment leaves in figure 1 50g of chrysanthemum was wash and dry leaves, extraction, concentration, and water vapor distillation [10].The extraction method has the characteristics of simpleness, practicality, low cost and high extraction rate, and can meet the need of largescale and factory production of chrysanthemum essential oil, especially the need of chrysanthemum essential oil extraction (Figure 2).Material and Equipment of Chrysanthemum oil and Peppermint oil in Table 2.

Cage test
The cage test might be conducted to investigate the viability (Fig. 3) of mosquito repellent substances for lotions, creams, and impregnated materials in an efficient and fast way.Its purpose is to watch mosquitos landing on untreated and treated fabrics in the cage.The benefit of this approach is that it provides the human with the actual scenario of the mosquito probing and biting, as well as direct observation of the insect's behaviour towards the treated materials.

Result and discussion
To prove the activity of the Pyrethrins extract of the flowers in killing insects, an experiment is performed directly on cold-blooded insects (cockroaches, flies, and ants).Three concentrations of the extract (Chrysanthemum oil +vinegar +water) were used: 5 ml, 7 ml, and 9 ml.The results revealed that the average mortality time of killing was 2.62 min, 2.34 min, and 3.38 min, respectively, as shown in table 4, 5 and 6.Table 4, 5 and 6 shows the report results of Pyrethrin extract at a concentration (Chrysanthemum oil + vinegar + water + peppermint oil) that the average mortality time of killing was 2.81 min, 3.04 min, and 2.79 min.The normal growth of the insects is paralyzed by the Pyrethrins compounds through effects on the nervous system as well as its role as antecedents.( 15).The effective duration of completely that use chrysanthemum pyrethrin: provided more time to destroy the insects.Without including the use of foreign compounds such as peppermint oil, the impact is reduced [2].5 shows the insect (cockroaches, flies and ants) repellences rate of fabrics treated with same concentration and different mixture of chrysanthemum oil and chrysanthemum oil + peppermint oil.The treated repellent was subjected to the WHO excite repellence test.The repellent treated with 5 ml chrysanthemum oil and 5 ml chrysanthemum oil + peppermint oil and gave 3.62 min and 2.81 min average mortality rate for cockroaches, flies, and ants.With the increase in oil concentration treated to 7 ml chrysanthemum oil gave 3.34 min and 7 ml chrysanthemum oil + peppermint oil gave 3.04 min the repellence rate increased, and average mortality rate also increased (Table 6).The repellent treated with 9 ml chrysanthemum oil and 9 ml chrysanthemum oil + peppermint oil and gave 3.38 min and 2.79 min average mortality rate for cockroaches, flies, and ants (Table 7).This is because as the concentration and number of layers deposit more oil on the textile substrate through electrostatic bond formation resulting in higher repellence rates.The mortality rate also depicts a similar trend as seen in the case of insect's repellence; it increases with the increase in the concentration depends on insects.However, it can see that the mortality rate is less as compared to the repellence rate for the samples treated with the same concentration.Nevertheless, this research can also obtain the effectiveness and durability of the repellent toward cold-blooded insects.
The cage is covered with clear mosquito netting for easy observation and to keep cockroaches, flies, and ants inside.The benefit of this approach is that it provides the human with the actual scenario of insect probing and biting, as well as direct observation of the insect's behaviour towards the subjected materials.The disadvantages of cage testing include human participation, which requires a lot of planning in terms of paperwork, such as that required to seek ethical permission, as well as human and insect preparation.In general, the applicability of the methodologies was evaluated in relation to the planned test objectives or circumstances.The cage test may be utilized as well to compare insect behaviour on treated and untreated areas.Both methods do not involve human participation.However, the cage test used human volunteers to evaluate the substance, which could replicate the real-life condition of insects biting and provide attainable findings.

Conclusion
The present study revealed that in performed tests, Chrysanthemum oil was shown to be effective at repelling insects.As a result, Chrysanthemum essential oil, alone or in combination with essential oils derived from other insect-repellent plant species, has the potential to be utilised for the production of insect-repellent products.To provide more protection from cool-blooded insects, they might be in the form of spray or liquidation and could be made using appropriate carriers/solvents/diluents.These formulations could be useful in decreasing the adverse effects of synthetic insect repellents on human health [8].Furthermore, the formulation is safe, eco-friendly, cheap, and easy to apply, offering excellent repellence against ants, flies, and cockroaches.In addition, these homemade Organic repellents are less hazardous to our health than coils on the market.It may be made at home as it does not require any substantial infrastructure and expenditure as opposed to coils and mats.

Table 2 .
Material and equipment of chrysanthemum oil and peppermint oil.

Table 3
shows the parameter controls for Chrysanthemum oil at the appropriate temperature, and Table4shows the parameter controls Chrysanthemum Oil + Peppermint Oil for water content, free fatty acid, and total plate count.This parameter is required to enhance the research's quality.

Table 3 .
Parameter controls of chrysanthemum oil.

Table 4 .
Parameter controls mixture of chrysanthemum oil + peppermint oil Chrysanthemum Oil + peppermint Oil

Table 5 .
The insects (cockroaches, flies and ants) repellences rate of Mortality treated with 5 ml concentration of chrysanthemum oil and mixture of chrysanthemum oil + peppermint oil.

Table 5 ,
6 and 7 show the Cockroaches, flies and ants mortality rate of repellents treated with different concentrations of chrysanthemum oil.Table

Table 6 .
The insects (cockroaches, flies and ants) repellences rate of Mortality treated with 7 ml concentration of chrysanthemum oil and mixture of chrysanthemum oil + peppermint oil.

Table 7 .
The insects (cockroaches, flies and ants) repellences rate of Mortality treated with 9 ml concentration of chrysanthemum oil and mixture of chrysanthemum oil + peppermint oil.