SME's household work time in Sawahlunto City West Sumatera Indonesia

. This study analyses the outpouring of household work time for cassava cracker business actors in Sawahlunto City, West Sumatera Indonesia. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative and descriptive quantitative with a survey approach. The sampling method is simple random sampling of 25 households. The data collection method used was interviews using an interview guide. The results of the study show that female workers devote more time to MSME businesses. The amount of working time for women is 10.88 HOK/month. Meanwhile, male workers devote their working time to 6.25 HOK/month. They carry out production activities every 3-7 times a week. The price of cassava crackers ranges from IDR 15,000-35,000/kg. In cassava farming and other productive activities, male workers devote more of their working time than female workers. Male workers devote their working time to cassava farming of 3.14 HOK/month and to other productive activities of 4.58 HOK/month.


Introduction
Households are the smallest unit of society.Therefore, improving the welfare of the community must start from the welfare of the household.In meeting household needs, farmers cannot rely solely on farm income.Farmers must be able to allocate labour to work outside the farming sector.Allocation of labour by households includes all efforts to obtain income that will be used to meet the needs of his life and his family [1].
One of the efforts that can be done is by doing agro-industry on the commodities that are cultivated.This can be done by establishing IKM that can be a driver of economic growth in the community.According to data from the Central Statistics Agency in the Ministry of Indonesia 2021, the number of IKM reached 4.41 million business units and absorbed a workforce of up to 15.64 million people.IKM are able to contribute up to 21.22% to the growth of the non-oil and gas industry with the most sectors being the food and beverage, fashion and craft sectors.With the existence of IKM that are able to absorb labour, it can increase community income and be able to reduce unemployment and poverty levels [2].
According to Sofyan et al [3], one of the main problems in employment is low labour productivity.Wardani and Puspitawati stated that the role of women in the agricultural sector is something that cannot be denied [4].Prahastya states that working time spent on farming is the number of working hours that household members devote to farming activities [5].The amount of work time in farming is differentiated into the husband's work time and the wife's work time [6].
Asriyani et al stated that work volume is the number of working hours devoted to activities in the agricultural sector and outside the agricultural sector [7].The age factor, the more an individual ages, the greater the supply of labor, although at a certain point the supply will decrease as age increases [8].The amount of working time is influenced by several factors, including education, work experience, The number of dependents of family members, and the area of land controlled [9].
The amount of work time will contribute to family income.The contribution of women's income is the large contribution of women from the agricultural sector and outside the agricultural sector to household income [10].Household income is the total income of all family members who work for one year, both from the agricultural sector and from outside the agricultural sector [11].Asriyani et al stated that in reality, the amount of work of women who work as farm laborers is between 6-8 hours per day [7].Apart from working as farm laborers, generally they also have side jobs such as making crackers, trading, household help and so on.Not to mention activities in social activities such as: recitation and PKK.This means that the time that rural women devote to productive activities is very dense and is still supplemented with reproductive activities to take care of their families.So it can be said that the dual role of rural women in the family and society is very large [12].
Sawahlunto City is one of the cities that has a large number of IKM.One of the most widely cultivated in Sawahlunto City is kubang cassava crackers.There are 224 kubang cassava cracker industries in Sawahlunto City, most of which are located in Lembah Segar Sub-district, with 165 businesses.most kubang cassava crackers are found in Pasar Kubang Village, with 76 businesses.
Based on the results of interviews conducted in August 2022, the labor used in the kubang cassava cracker industry is mostly family labor of 1-4 people.each business actor is able to produce an average of 85 kg to 120 kg of kubang cassava crackers in a week or around 340 kg to 480 kg in one month.However, this number is still below previous years.Before 2021, the production of kubang cassava crackers was able to reach 1,000 kg per month for each business.This is due to the loss of the market in 2021 and at this time the owners are trying to rise to regain the market in order to be able to increase sales.
The processing of cassava into kubang cassava crackers is still carried out with simple tools and methods, for example in the forming process still using manual forming equipment, so the time required for forming becomes longer.The length of time required in processing kubang cassava crackers causes households to have to work longer to earn their household income.
Based on the background and problem formulation above, it can be seen that the objectives of this study is analyses the outpouring of household work time for cassava cracker business actors in Sawahlunto City, West Sumatera Indonesia.

Research methods
This research was conducted in Pasar Kubang Village, Kecamatan Lembah Segar, Kota Sawahlunto.This research was conducted for 1 month from January 2, 2023 to January 30, 2023.The survey method aims to obtain data from the research site and conduct treatment in data collection, for example through interviews.The data collection method used is through interviews using an interview guide.Sampling was carried out using probability sampling techniques, namely by using Simple Random Sampling.Of the 76 population of kubang cassava crackers business owners in Pasar Kubang Village, 25 samples will be randomly selected.The selected sample is households that cultivate kubang cassava crackers while doing cassava farming.The variables observed in this study outpouring of household work time for cassava cracker business actors in Sawahlunto City, West Sumatera Indonesia and analysing the household economy of kubang cassava crackers business owners which includes work time in HOK / month, total household income in Rp / month, household consumption both food consumption and non-food consumption in Rp / month, household savings in Rp / month and contribution of kubang cassava cracker business income to total household income.
The data taken is data from December 2022.For data analysis objective 1 uses qualitative descriptive analysis, while objective 2 uses quantitative descriptive analysis.

Overview of kubang cassava crackers industry
Kubang cassava crackers are a specialty of Sawahlunto City made from cassava.The kubang cassava cracker business in Pasar Kubang Village has been running for decades.Generally, the only labour used is family labour.This business has been passed down from generation to generation from their grandmothers and parents.When they are married, they prefer to set up their own business.The production of kubang cassava crackers is carried out in the homes of business owners.This means that there is no special production site for making kubang cassava crackers.

Operational aspects
The kubang cassava cracker business in Pasar Kubang Village consists of 1-4 workers.Most of them use family labour.Of the 25 businesses sampled, only 3 businesses use non-family labour.This non-family labour is paid with a time wage system.Payment is usually made at the end of each week.The identity of the kubang cassava cracker business owners in Pasar Kubang Village can be seen in the following table : Based on the table, it is known that generally the kubang cassava cracker business uses 2 workers.The last education of the average business actor is high school, as many as 10 people.Almost all business owners are at a productive age, ranging from 15-64 years.Based on the length of business, generally business owners have carried out Kubang cassava cracker production activities for 16 to 25 years.

Production aspect
This aspect of production is seen from the source of raw materials from their own fields, buying both from Pariaman City and other farmers in the sub-district as well as from their own fields and buying.Based on the results of interviews, most business owners get raw materials from their own fields and buy.All business owners do cassava farming, but in the last few months, cassava production has decreased so that it does not meet the needs of raw materials for kubang cassava crackers.Therefore, to meet the needs of raw materials, business owners buy cassava from outside.In one month, the average business can use 500-2,800 kg/month.The purchase price of raw materials ranges from Rp3,000 to Rp4,200, with the highest purchase price being Rp3,500/kg.The raw material used in making kubang cassava crackers is red cassava or locally known as 4-month cassava.The most widely used cassava is 10 to 12 months old.The supporting ingredients are salt and garlic.The addition of coarse salt and garlic aims to add flavor and as a natural preservative.From 100kg of cassava, they can produce 34-37 kg of kubang cassava crackers.
Based on the results of interviews, the sample business owners were able to produce at least 180 kg of kubang sweet potato crackers per month and at most 980kg of kubang cassava crackers per month.This is an increase from several years ago, especially during the covid 19 pandemic, which decreased sales.

Marketing aspects
Kubang cassava crackers are marketed in the form of retail and kilos.Retail marketing usually uses 250g plastic packaging and is marketed to retailers in traditional markets in Sawahlunto City and several cities in West Sumatra such as Sijunjung and Solok.Meanwhile, kilo sacks of kubang yam crackers are marketed using 50kg sacks.These crackers are usually marketed through collectors or sent directly to processing industries in Sawahlunto City and Padang.The kubang cassava crackers marketed are half-finished kubang cassava crackers.The selling price of kubang sweet potato crackers also varies, ranging from Rp15,000-35,000.The price of Rp15,000 is usually sold to collectors.This pricing is based on the market price or based on an agreement between the seller and the buyer.The buyers here are collectors and the cassava cracker processing industry.The highest selling price for this kubang cassava cracker is Rp35,000.This selling price is obtained by 1 business owner who sells his kubang cassava crackers to a satay seller in Silungkang Subdistrict.

Financial aspects
The business capital spent by business owners ranged from IDR 3,000,000 to IDR 7,000,000.Business capital comes from the personal capital of the kubang cassava crackers business owners.This early capital is used by business owners to buy production tools and machinery and buy raw materials.This business capital is what continues to be rotated by business owners to produce income.In this business, there is no bookkeeping.Business owners generally only record total sales every week.However, there is no record of business profit and loss.

Work time deployment
Working time is the amount of time used by each household member to work.Working time in this research is grouped into working time in the kubang cassava cracker business, working time in cassava farming and working time in other productive activities including farm laborers, village office employees, Quran teachers, trading, hamlet heads, and carpenter.The following table shows the average household working time.Based on the table 2 above, it can be concluded that female labour spends more time working in the kubang cassava cracker business.In this kubang cassava cracker business, female labour is greater than male labour, which is 10.88 HOK/month.Meanwhile, male labour spends more time on cassava farming, amounting to 7.54 HOK/month.In this kubang cassava cracker business household, the work time of the kubang cassava cracker business is higher than the work time of cassava farming and other work.Therefore, it can be said that the business of kubang cassava crackers is the work that spends the longest working time in the household.Ernita's research results, 2014, stated that women pour out women's time on productive activities already greater than reproductive activities and women have played a role in productive activities which shows the amount of time women devote on these activities.

Household income
Household income is the total income received by all household members in one period.Whether it's income from the kubang cassava cracker business, cassava farming or income from other activities.Kubang cassava cracker business income is obtained from revenue minus total costs, i.e. fixed costs and variable costs.Cassava Farming Income is revenue minus costs paid.Costs paid in this study are fertilizer costs, herbicide costs, TKLK costs, taxes and land rent.Revenue is the selling price multiplied by total production.Income from other activities is income outside of the income of the kubang cassava cracker business and cassava farming income generated by all household members.This other income consists of income from working with other farmers, income as a village office employee, income from renting a travel car, income as a trader, income as a collector, income as a Koran teacher, income from trading, income as a hamlet head and income from carpentry.The average household income for the period December 2022 can be seen in the following table 3: From the table above, it is known that on average the kubang cassava cracker business gives the largest contribution to household income, which is IDR 2,765,563.This shows that the kubang cassava cracker business has a very important role in the household economy.

Household consumption
Household consumption is the daily needs of households that are spent from their income to fulfil their daily needs.In this study, consumption refers to food consumption and non-food consumption.From the table 4 above, it is known that food consumption is greater, which is 53.78% compared to non-food consumption, which is 46.22%.According to Engel's law theory that as income increases, the percentage of expenditure on food commodity consumption will decrease with the assumption of a constant price level [4].Therefore, Engel's law states that the proportion of consumption spending on food can be used as a measure of living standards so that it can reflect the level of welfare.The implication of Engel's law is that households are said to have a higher level of welfare if the portion of their food consumption expenditure decreases and is lower than non-food consumption.In this study, expenditure on food consumption and non-food consumption did not differ too much.Or it can be said that the percentages are almost equal.Therefore, it can be said that the households of kubang cassava crackers business actors in terms of consumption are included in prosperous households.

Household savings
Savings are the remaining income after being used to fulfill the food consumption and nonfood consumption needs.The table 5 above shows that the average savings of sample households is Rp3,869,503.The average savings of these business households are temporary, which means that these savings can be taken at any time to fulfill household needs.Generally, this savings is used as a reserve fund if there are urgent expenses at any time.

Contribution of Kubang cassava crackers business income to total household income
The income contribution of the kubang cassava cracker business to total household income is the contribution of income from the kubang cassava cracker business to total household income.The amount of income contribution shows how important the business is to the household economy.According to Ismi the benchmark for categorizing the amount of contribution is if the percentage contribution is <30% then it contributes little, if the contribution is 30-60%, it contributes medium and if the contribution is > 60% then it contributes a lot.For more details can be seen in table 6 below.The table 6 shows that the average income of kubang cassava crackers contributes 35.88% to total household income.This means that the income contribution of kubang sweet potato crackers is of medium value.The contribution of kubang cassava crackers also has a greater value compared to cassava farming which contributes 32.44% and income from other activities which contributes 31.68%.
The average business of kubang cassava crackers has a medium contribution to household income.For more details can be seen in the following table 7: From the table 7 above, it is known that 56% or 14 kubang cassava crackers businesses make a medium contribution to household income.This proves that the kubang cassava cracker business is a fairly important source of income in the household.This kubang sweet potato cracker business contributes reliable income to fulfill household needs.

Conclusion
Based on the results of a study entitled Economic Analysis of Households of Kubang Cassava Crackers Business Owners in Pasar Kubang Village, Lembah Segar Subdistrict, Sawahlunto City, it can be concluded that: 1.In the operational aspect, the labor used in production activities is mostly family labor.
The labor used amounts to 1 to 4 people.The raw material for making this kubang cassava cracker is cassava.For the marketing aspect, the most used distribution channel is the indirect distribution channel.Business owners distribute their products to collectors, retailers and processing industries.For the financial aspect, the business capital comes from the owner's personal capital.In this business, business owners do not conduct bookkeeping because they feel that bookkeeping is not too important to do.
2. Households in the kubang cracker business devote more of their working time to the kubang cracker business, especially female labor.The income from kubang cassava crackers is also greater than the income from cassava farming and other incomes.The average income from the kubang cassava cracker business is Rp2,765,563 per month.
In the households of kubang cassava cracker business owners, food consumption dominates than non-food consumption.The amount of income and consumption will also affect the level of household savings.The average household savings of business owners is Rp3,893,663.In terms of its contribution to total household income, the kubang cassava cracker business has a medium value of 36% and contributes the most to other incomes.This indicates that the kubang cassava cracker business has an important role in the household economy.

Suggestions
1. Household members should increase the amount of time they spend working on other productive activities to increase household income.2. Business owners who also become cassava farmers should try to increase the productivity of cassava in their fields.This is so that the source of raw materials can be obtained from the farmers' own cassava fields, so as to minimize production costs.The lower the production costs, the higher the household income of business owners.3. The local government should pay more attention to marketing and the selling price of kubang cassava crackers so that business owners can sell their products with higher prices.

Table 1 .
Identity of the business owners of Kubang cassava crackers in Pasar Kubang Village.

Table 2 .
Average Household Labor Hours for the Period of December 2022.

Table 3 .
Average total household income for December 2022.

Table 4 .
Average household consumption for the period December 2022 Average household savings for the period December 2022

Table 6 .
Average income contribution to total household income

Table 7 .
Contribution of cassava crackers business income to total household income.