Innovative aspects of increasing the yield and quality of corn grain in Western Siberia

01026


Introduction
Corn is the leading agricultural crop and ranks second in world agriculture after wheat [1][2][3].An important morphological and biological feature is the formation of a powerful multi-tiered root system, penetrating to a great depth of about three meters or more [4][5][6].The stem of this crop has a knotty straw, up to five meters high and up to 6 cm in diameter [7][8].Nowadays, there is a sufficient selection of corn varieties and hybrids for growing for green mass and grain [9][10].For the conditions of Siberia, it is important to use early ripening hybrids of the intensive type, which have high productivity in combination with a balanced amino acid composition of proteins [11][12].It has been shown that elements of production technology affect the quality of corn grain by increasing the concentration of essential amino acids in proteins [13][14].
In this regard, it is especially important to find effective stimulants for the growth and development of corn to increase yield and quality using innovative geoinformation technologies.There is not enough work in the literature on the use of growth regulators on corn in order to increase its yield, quality, and stress resistance to adverse environmental factors and pests [15][16][17][18].
The goal of our research in 2021-2023 was a study of the effectiveness of the use of growth stimulants in the system of innovative technology for cultivating corn for grain in the forest-steppe conditions of the Ob region.

Materials and methods
The experiments were carried out in different zones of the Novosibirsk region: drained foreststeppe, part of the northern forest-steppe of the foothills: experimental fields of the TPP "Praktik" of the Novosibirsk region and the CJSC breeding plant "Irmen" of the Ordynsky district of the Novosibirsk region.The soil of the Praktik agricultural holding contained humus 6.45% (medium humic leached chernozems), gross nitrogen -0.23%, phosphorus -0.21 and potassium -1.27%.Easily hydrolyzable nitrogen 11.8 mg, mobile phosphorus 23.9 and exchangeable potassium 13.6 mg/100 g at pH 5.51.
The soil of the experimental fields of the Irmen breeding plant CJSC is also represented by leached chernozem.Humus contained an average of 6.47% (medium humus chernozems), gross nitrogen -0.33, phosphorus -0.29 and potassium 1.46%.The concentration of easily hydrolyzed nitrogen is 10.6 mg/100g of soil, mobile phosphorus is 23.8 and exchangeable potassium is 17.8 mg/100g at pH 6.56.
In terms of meteorological conditions, the years of scientific work differed in both temperature and precipitation, 2021 and 2023.were marked by severe dry climate in May and June.During the growing season in 2021, precipitation fell -318 mm, in 2023 -306 mm, and only in 2022 -345 mm, which is at the level of the long-term average data.In terms of heat supply, the years of research were close to the long-term average.
Corn sowing was carried out in the third ten days of May with row spacing of 70 cm with a seeding rate of 78 thousand viable seeds per hectare.Cleaning was carried out in the first ten days of October.
During the research, phenological observations were carried out according to the methodology of the State Variety Testing of Agricultural Crops [19].The leaf area was determined by the method of measurements according to N.P. Reshetsky, FSP -according to A.A. Nichiporovich [20].Plant height was determined according to the method of the All-Russian Research Institute of Grain Crops.Statistical processing was carried out according to B.A. Dospehov [21].A package of application programs modified by O.D. Sorokin was used.[22].The registration area of the plot is 32 m 2 , repetition is fourfold, location is randomized.

Results and discussion
According to our research, in the conditions of leached forest-steppe chernozem of the Novosibirsk Ob region, the studied growth stimulants, in particular Zeastimulin, Angiogumat AM and Mival Agro, increased the maximum and average leaf area, as well as FSP in the hybrid Kubansky 101 by 12-19%, Kubansky 102 by 16-23 % and Katerina -15-20%.Against the background of growth stimulants Zircon and Epin-Extra, the differences compared to the control (water) were less significant.The maximum values of FSP were revealed against the background of the use of the growth stimulator Lignohumat AM with the hybrid Kubansky 102 -2657 thousand m 2 day/ha.These stimulants were used on corn three times: seed treatment before sowing with an aqueous solution consumption rate of 20 l/t and during the growing season twice in the phase of 4 true leaves and at the beginning of flowering.In the 4-leaf phase, stimulants were added along with the herbicide mixture.Remus 0.05 kg/ha and Dianat 0.5 l/ha with a rate of 300 l/ha (Table 1). 3 Note: Stimulants were used three times: seed treatment with a consumption rate of 20 l/ha, during the growing season 4 true leaves and at the beginning of flowering: Zeastimulin 0.01%, Lignohumate AM -0.15%, Mival Agro -0.02% Zircon 0.04%, Epin-Extra -0.04%.Consumption rate 300 l/ha in combination with herbicide treatment in the phase of 4 true leaves Remus -0.05 kg/ha + Dianat 0.5 l/ha.
Our studies also studied the biometric parameters of corn hybrids using growth stimulants at the Irmen breeding plant CJSC.It was revealed that growth stimulants increased the height of plants and the height of attachment of the cob.Against the background of growth stimulants Zeastimulin and Angiohumat Am, the plant height of the studied corn hybrids increased by 1.2-1.35times.The maximum number of formed ears of 2.3 on one plant was in the Zeastimulin variant with the hybrid Kuban 102.An increase in green mass was established by 20-26% when using growth stimulants Zeastimulin, Angiogumat AM and Mival Agro.The weight of ears was also higher per plant in the variants using growth stimulants Zeastimulin, Angiogumat AM and Mival Agro.The preparation Epin-Extra and Zircon slightly increased the growth and development of corn (Table 2).At different ecological points of the TPP "Praktik" and the CJSC breeding plant "Irmen", the influence of growth stimulants when applied three times on the parameters of corn grain yield of three different hybrids of the Kuban selection was established: Kubansky 101, Kubansky and Katerina.All studied hybrids on leached chernozem at two ecological points showed a significant increase in yield against the background of the use of growth stimulants Zeastimulin, Angiogumat AM and Mival Agro up to 25% for the Kubansky 101 F1 hybrid, up to 27% for the Kubansky 102 and for the Katerina F1 hybrid against the background of Zeastimulin up to 33% relative to control (water).
The use of Zircon and Epin-Extra preparations did not provide a significant increase in yield compared to the control.In some cases it is reliable, but insignificant.According to the analysis of variance of a three-factor experiment, it was determined that corn grain yield depended on the genotype by 27%, the growth stimulator by 32% and weather conditions by 24%, with the greatest interaction between genotype and growth stimulator factors -7.6% (Table 3)..150.12 1 Note.Results of three-factor analysis of variance for the experiment with corn: NSR05 -for partial differences 0.36, NSR05 for A -0.62, NSR05 for B and AB -0.49.Main effects and interactions: A (genotype) -27.2;B (stimulant), C -year conditions -23.8%, AB -7.62; BC -4.23, AC -1.27, АВС -0.87%.
According to the biochemical analysis of grain products of various corn hybrids, it was shown that growth stimulants, in particular Zeastimulin, Angiogumat AM and Mival Agro, increased the protein content of the studied hybrids to 0.8% against the background of the stimulant Zeastimulin in Kubansky 101, Kubansky 102 -0.6% and Katerina -0.4 %.It was revealed that the use of stimulants Zeastimulin, Angigumat AM and Mival Agro ensured an increase in the content of BEV, as well as fat.In terms of ash and fiber content, the differences between the options were less significant (Table 4).

Conclusion
In the forest-steppe of Western Siberia, when cultivating corn using grain technology at different ecological points on leached chernozem, the effectiveness of three-fold application of growth stimulants by pre-sowing seed treatment, spraying in the fourth leaf phase and at the beginning of flowering of corn plants was established.In the fourth leaf phase, stimulants were used together with a mixture of herbicides Remus -0.05 kg/ha and Dianata 0.5 l/ha with a working fluid flow rate of 300 l/ha.During pre-sowing treatment, a working solution consumption rate of 20 l/t of seeds was used.The growth stimulants used were Zeastimulin 0.01%, Lignohumate AM -0.15%, Mival Agro -0.02%, Zircon 0.04% and Epin-Extra -0.04% solution.
On the leached chernozem of the forest-steppe of the Novosibirsk Ob region, the growth stimulants Zeastimulin, Angiogumat AM and Mival Agro significantly increased the maximum, average leaf area and FSP in the hybrid F1Kubansky 101 to 19%, Kubansky 102 -23% and Katerina F1 in the studied corn hybrids to 20%.
It was noted that growth stimulants significantly increased plant height, plant height, cob attachment height by 1.3 times, green mass by 24% and cob weight by an average of 23%.
Growth stimulants Zeastimulin, Angiogumat AM and Mival Agro significantly increased the yield of corn grain up to 26% in the Kubansky 101 F1 hybrid and 27% in the Kubansky 102 F1 hybrid, with 33% in the F1 Katerina hybrid in comparison with the control (water).
A significant improvement in the biochemical composition of corn grain was determined with the use of growth stimulants: an increase in protein content by 0.4-0.8%,as well as BEV and fat content.The preparations Zircon and Epin-Extra did not have a significant on the yield and quality of products.
Analysis of variance found that corn grain yield depended on genotype by 27%, growth stimulants by 32%, and year conditions by 24%, with the greatest interaction between genotype and growth stimulant.

Table 3 .
The influence of stimulants on the yield of corn hybrids, 2021-2023.

Table 4 .
Chemical composition of corn grain when using growth stimulants of the Irmen breeding plant CJSC.Average for 2021-2023.