Design And Development of a Compact Carbon Gas Emission Monitoring Device for Private Vehicles

. Poor air quality is a major concern in urban areas, with a large percentage of the population exposed to high levels of pollutants. Using sensor and monitoring technology, devices can automatically and periodically monitor indoor air quality. Containment measures should be taken when dangerous airborne chemicals are detected. Air pollution, both indoors and outdoors, causes health problems. The Philippines faces challenges in air quality reporting due to the high cost of monitoring equipment. A project is underway to collect real-time data using sensors and an Arduino Uno-based monitoring system. The power management design's PCB layouts were completed using two software applications: Eagle CAD for the nano power boost charger circuit and Ultiboard for the boost converter circuit. The layout design adhered to the IPC2221A standards, ensuring accurate component footprints and copper trace width, which were determined based on the current flow through the trace in the PCB design. The circuit boards were carefully sized to be smaller than 4"x4" to enable smooth integration into an air quality monitoring device. The integrated design functioned as a wireless sensing application, effectively monitoring air quality. The carbon gas monitoring system had the capability to detect and collect various gases, including Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen Monoxide, Carbon Monoxide, and Dust Density. Additionally, it was equipped to measure temperature and humidity. Achieving this required using the Arduino Uno application for programming and incorporating an additional sensor, resulting in a cost-effective design solution. The prototype successfully integrated air quality sensors, microcontrollers, and communication modules. The system's performance was evaluated against existing testing centers, and the results were presented.


Introduction
Carbon gas monitoring, particularly regarding gas emissions, is a crucial aspect in environmental surveillance.The significance of environmental monitoring lies in safeguarding both the public and the environment against toxic contaminants and hazardous airborne chemicals.However, environmental monitoring often involves labor-intensive activities, exposing human and animal monitoring teams to significant risks in hazardous environments.This heightened risk underscores the importance of monitoring and taking necessary precautions.
One of the major concerns regarding environmental quality is its degradation, especially in urbanized areas.[1] According to the World Health Organization, more than 85% of the global population is exposed to elevated levels of particulate matter, making it imperative to address air quality concerns.People have become increasingly cautious about their health and air quality, focusing on the spaces where they spend a significant portion of their timebe it at home, school, or in their cars.The main source of pollutants in our surroundings is gas emissions from private vehicles, emphasizing the need for detecting the pollutants produced by vehicles and their subsequent neutralization.This necessitates the identification of cost-effective measures to mitigate the impacts of pollution gases.[2] The Global ranking of risk factors by deaths from all causes in 2019 is shown in Fig. 1.Globally, the impact of air pollution is staggering, with statistics showing that it is responsible for over one-ninth of all.In 2019, estimates suggest that it played a role in 6.67 million deaths across the world, with a confidence interval of 5.90 to 7.49 million.The figures paint a stark reality, highlighting the grave consequences of air pollution on a global scale.The toll it takes on human lives is profound, suggesting the urgent need for increased awareness and action to address this persistent issue.This serves as a potent reminder of its far-reaching and deadly impact on public health.The numbers of deaths attributable to total air pollution in 2019 is shown in Fig. 2. Before the Industrial Revolution, emissions were maintained at remarkably low levels.However, as we move through history, the trajectory of emissions exhibited a gradual increase.It wasn't until the mid-20th century that this growth started to pick up momentum.In 1950, the global emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) amounted to a total of 22.76 billion tonnes.Over the course of seven decades, this number witnessed a significant surge.By 2021, the world's carbon emissions had substantially risen to 37.12 billion tonnes of CO2.Up until the 20th century, the most share of global emissions was largely attributed to Europe and the United States.As of the year 1900, these two regions collectively contributed to more than 90% of the world's emissions.Even by the midway point of the 20th century, in 1950, they still held sway, accounting for over 85% of annual emissions.This historical perspective underscores their dominant role in shaping global emissions patterns.However, in recent decades, a significant transformation has taken place.During the latter half of the 20th century, there was a substantial upsurge in emissions from the rest of the world, with Asia emerging as a key player.As of 2021, Asia alone is responsible for a significant portion, contributing a total of 7.51 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions.Integrating carbon gas emission testing into the course of registering vehicles in the Philippines reckons considerable implication within the framework of implementing Republic Act (RA) 8749, commonly known as the "Philippine Clean Air Act."By subjecting vehicles to emissions testing, the Philippines seeks to ensure that these vehicles meet required emissions standards.This, in turn, assists alleviate air pollution, which is a vital concern in many urban areas across the country.By lowering emissions, the initiative impacts to the preservation of air quality and the larger environment.Furthermore, the integration of carbon gas emission testing services in reducing toxic pollutants in the air, aligning with the core objective of RA 8749, which is to uphold the health of the Filipino population.In addition, this initiative shows the Philippines' devotion to sustainable development.The country seeks to decrease its environmental impact and move toward a more sustainable and eco-friendly transportation system.Reducing carbon emissions from vehicles is in harmony with this commitment.
Maintaining indoor air quality is critical and requires regular monitoring of various parameters that can affect air quality.Advances in sensor and monitoring technology have greatly aided in the design of automated and periodic monitoring devices.These advancements support ongoing research to design devices capable of periodic monitoring of indoor air quality conditions.When potentially harmful airborne chemicals are detected, whether originating from cars or SUVs, it is essential to promptly implement containment measures to prevent harm to the surrounding environment.Both indoor and outdoor air pollution have been linked to numerous health problems, further emphasizing the need to monitor relevant parameters and identify sources of pollutants to enhance air quality [3].
In hazardous environments, utilizing a carbon gas emission monitoring system is strongly recommended to ensure safety and prevent harm.Another viable approach involves employing a gas concentration monitoring system using Arduino Uno in conjunction with an Android application.This provides a simple, cost-effective, and replaceable solution for monitoring gas concentrations in the air.Individuals can download the application on mobile devices, enabling them to scan a landfill area and trace chemical odor plumes to identify their source without putting human or animal lives at further risk.The advancement in low-powered, miniature components like processors, radios, and sensors has led to a surge of interest in wireless sensor networks.This technological trend aligns with the concept of the Internet of Things (IoT).[4] Wireless sensor networks encompass a group of nodes that sense specific environmental parameters, generating a continuous stream of data.For instance, they can measure air quality and contribute crucial data for projects aimed at enhancing air quality.The aggregation and appropriate analysis of air quality data through IoT can drive societal and environmental changes, benefiting the well-being of individuals.[5] However, certain regions, such as the Philippines, face challenges in providing comprehensive air quality reports due to the high cost associated with monitoring equipment.The price for each type of monitoring equipment can be prohibitively expensive, often reaching up to five hundred thousand pesos.This issue results in the cost of emission testing being relatively high, with fees ranging from Php 430 to Php 600 per test.These monitoring devices vary based on the pollutants they measure, including particulate matter (referred to as particle pollution), ground-level ozone, carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and lead.The standard for gases is defined by ISO 8178-1:2017, establishing guidelines and thresholds for monitoring these pollutants.Efforts are needed to overcome financial barriers and enhance monitoring capabilities for a more comprehensive understanding of air quality in such regions.
The project will be powered by 9V battery, or it can have a source of 230V.The system will use a mobile application in order to display different results from different areas.The mobile application will provide accurate results and data.Data should be available with maximum availability.Any private vehicle can be covered by the system because of its portability feature and the system will only focus on temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen monoxide, hydrocarbon, and dust density.

Exhaust Emission Limits of Gaseous Pollutants
As a condition for the issuance of a COC, exhaust emission limits for new motor vehicle types, shall not exceed the following: , 03001 (2024) E3S Web of Conferences https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202448803001488 AMSET2023

Exhaust Emission Limits of Gaseous Pollutants for Cars and Light Duty Motor Vehicles
For cars and light duty motor vehicles, the limits for emission of gaseous pollutants as a function of given reference mass are provided in Tables 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6.The limits will be presented in terms of Type Approval and Conformity of Production evidencing the ability to produce a series of products that exactly match the specification, performance and marking requirements outlined in the type approval documentation [2].

Materials and Methods
When selecting a battery for portable systems, understanding energy wastage during energy delivery to the circuit is crucial.This consideration is vital to ensure optimal efficiency and performance of the portable electronic components.

Lithium Battery
Among the various types of batteries utilized for this purpose, two prominent options are the Nickel-Metal Hydride (NiMH) battery and the Lithium-Ion (Li-ion) battery.
Lithium-Ion batteries have gained widespread popularity due to their remarkable features.These batteries can utilize 90% or more of their rated capacity, which significantly surpasses the capacity usage of lead-acid batteries, capped at only 50%.This efficiency in capacity utilization makes Lithium-Ion batteries a preferred choice for powering portable electronic devices.Moreover, Lithium-Ion batteries exhibit superior performance in low-temperature environments, making them highly efficient and reliable even in challenging climatic conditions.As a result, they are considered the technological preference for applications in harsh environmental settings.[7] Lithium-ion batteries are renowned for their exceptional energy density, surpassing most rechargeable battery types.[8] This characteristic allows them to store a considerable amount of energy relative to their size, making them highly suitable for continuous usage in portable devices such as smartphones and laptops.Beyond their energy density, these batteries offer a range of advantages, including a compact and lightweight design, minimal self-discharge, rapid charging capability, high open-circuit voltage, and an extended lifespan.
In terms of voltage, a typical lithium-ion battery exhibits a voltage range from a high value of 4.2 V at full charge to 3.3 V when discharged.Within this range, the battery maintains a voltage of approximately 3.7 V.One of the fundamental equivalent models employed to represent a battery is the Thevenin-based electrical model, depicting a series resistor and an RC parallel network with a constant open-circuit voltage.This model proves useful in simulating the battery's response to transient loads at specific states of charge.Alternatively, a runtime-based model employs a more intricate equivalent circuit to simulate battery runtime and the DC voltage response for a constant discharge current.[9]

Battery Management
The primary goals of a battery management system revolve around ensuring the protection and optimal performance of the battery.These objectives encompass safeguarding the cells or the battery from potential damage, extending the overall battery lifespan, and maintaining the battery in a condition that allows it to meet the functional requirements of the intended application.Cell protection stands as a crucial function within this framework.Overcharging a Lithium-ion battery poses a significant risk, potentially resulting in damage, overheating, or even explosion.Conversely, discharging the battery below its threshold, approximately 5 percent of its capacity, can also cause damage and reduce its overall capacity.Hence, preventing overcharging and avoiding discharge below this critical threshold are vital aspects of cell protection.Another important function contributing to the achievement of these battery management objectives involves determining the state of charge, essentially an indicator of the remaining battery capacity.This determination is pivotal in deciding when to conclude charging and discharging cycles for the battery.Additionally, monitoring plays a crucial role, ensuring that the battery is shielded from adverse ambient conditions that could exceed the specified operational tolerances, further contributing to the overall protection of the cells.

Gas Emission Sensors
Various types of sensors were explored, as no single type can effectively measure all hazardous gases in the environment.Each sensor type displays sensitivity to a specific type of hazardous gas.It is essential for these sensors to possess qualities such as being lightweight (only weighing a few grams), cost-effective, and responsive with fast reaction times (within a few seconds).Sensors can be aptly described as the interface between digital data and the external environment.

MQ-7 Sensor
The MQ-7 sensor is designed to detect low-temperature Carbon Monoxide (CO) emissions by utilizing a cycle of high and low temperatures, typically heated with 1.5 volts.The sensor's conductivity increases in response to a rise in CO gas concentration.Additionally, at higher temperatures achieved through a 5-volt heating process, the sensor undergoes a cleaning mechanism that helps eliminate other gases that may have been adsorbed during the detection process (Carbon Monoxide Sensor -MQ-7).The standard measuring circuit for the MQ-7 sensor comprises two integral parts.The first component is the heating circuit, incorporating a time control function wherein high and low voltages operate in a cyclical manner to regulate the heating process.This cycling is crucial for maintaining an optimal operational temperature.The second component is the signal output circuit, engineered to precisely detect and respond to variations in the sensor's surface resistance.The accuracy of this circuit in capturing these changes is paramount for the reliable functioning of the MQ-7 sensor in measuring Carbon Monoxide levels.

MQ-135 Sensor
The MQ135 gas sensor serves as an air quality sensor designed to detect a diverse array of gases, with a specific focus on Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2).Its sensitivity extends to various gases such as Ammonia, Sulfide, and Benzene steam, making it a versatile sensor for monitoring multiple hazardous substances present in the environment.Additionally, the MQ135 sensor exhibits high sensitivity towards smoke and other

MQ-5 Sensor
The Gas Sensor module, specifically the MQ5 variant, proves highly effective in detecting gas leakages, making it an invaluable tool for both household and industrial applications.This sensor module is particularly adept at detecting gases such as H2, LPG, CH4, and Alcohol, ensuring comprehensive coverage for potential gas-related risks.Its notable features include high sensitivity and a rapid response time, allowing for prompt and efficient measurements.
For optimal functioning, the sensor requires two voltage inputs: the heater voltage (VH) and the test voltage (VC).VH is dedicated to maintaining a consistent and certified working temperature for the sensor, a critical element in its reliable performance.On the other hand, VC is essential for detecting voltage (VRL) on the load resistance, which is in series with the sensor.It's important to note that the sensor operates with a specific polarity and requires DC power for VC.Both VC and VH can utilize the same power circuit, provided certain preconditions are met to ensure the sensor's performance remains consistent and accurate.This setup contributes to a seamless and reliable gas detection process, offering enhanced safety and security.

Optical Dust Sensor -GP2Y1010AU0F
Particulate matter refers to a collective term for solid particles and liquid droplets present in the air, encompassing substances like dust, dirt, soot, and smoke.It is further categorized into PM10, denoting particles with a diameter of 10 micrometers or less, and PM2.5, representing fine inhalable particles with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or smaller.These particles pose a health risk as they can be inhaled and potentially lead to health problems, particularly as they can deeply penetrate the lungs, causing respiratory issues (Particulate Matter (PM) Pollution).To measure and detect particulate matter, a dust sensor has been developed, utilizing an infrared emitting diode and a phototransistor.This setup enables the sensor to detect and measure the reflected light from dust particles.The operational voltage required for this sensor ranges from 0.3 to 7 V. Regarding current consumption, the sensor typically operates at around 10 mA, with a maximum current draw rated at 20 mA.This dust sensor plays a critical role in monitoring air quality by detecting particulate matter, contributing to efforts aimed at maintaining a healthier environment and mitigating potential health risks associated with air pollution.Fig. 10.Configuration of GP2Y1010AU0F [6].

Temperature and Humidity Sensor -DHT22
For temperature and humidity measurements, the DHT-22 sensor has been selected.This sensor is a cost-effective and fundamental choice, employing digital signal output for straightforward usability.It efficiently provides temperature and humidity data at a frequency of one reading every 2 seconds.However, it's important to note that the readings provided may have a delay of up to 2 seconds due to this data acquisition rate.The operational voltage range for the DHT-22 sensor is set between 3 to 5 volts, allowing for flexible power supply options based on the application's requirements.

Microcontroller and Communications Module
The microcontroller receives voltage-level signals from the sensors and processes them into a data-carrying signal.This signal is then transmitted to a device that displays the numerical value of the data.Facilitating the transfer of the processed data between the microcontroller and the computer is a communication link.

Arduino Uno R3
The Arduino microcontroller stands out as a remarkably versatile hardware platform that can be tailored to specific functions through programming.Equipped with a range of features, it boasts 6 analog inputs, 14 digital input/output pins (6 of which can function as PWM outputs), a USB connection, a 16 MHz quartz crystal, SPI, a serial interface, a reset button, a power jack, and an ICSP header.This rich feature set makes it a highly adaptable tool suitable for a multitude of applications.
In terms of usability and design, the Arduino microcontroller excels, making it an optimal choice to accomplish the intended goals efficiently.Serving as the central component of the framework, its design emphasizes user-friendliness.Furthermore, being an open-source , 03001 (2024) E3S Web of Conferences https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202448803001488 AMSET2023 microcontroller device, it offers easy access to both software and hardware platforms, promoting collaboration and innovation.The compatibility of Arduino with a wide array of available sensors enhances its usability, further extending its capabilities for diverse applications.
The Arduino microcontroller's convenience is augmented by the fact that all essential components for its operation are integrated onto the board.Merely requiring a USB cable for direct connection to a computer or power through a battery source or AC to DC adapter, it simplifies the setup process.Cost-effectiveness adds to its appeal, and the availability of free authoring software, IDE (Integrated Development Environment), makes it accessible for anyone interested in delving into microcontroller-based projects.

Bluetooth Module HC-05
The HC-05 Bluetooth Module is a Bluetooth SPP (Serial Port Protocol) module that offers user-friendly features for establishing a wireless serial connection seamlessly.It has been intelligently designed to facilitate transparent wireless serial connection setup, allowing for straightforward interfacing.The primary mode of communication for the HC-05 Bluetooth module is through serial communication, providing a simple and efficient means to connect with devices for data viewing.
One of the key advantages of the HC-05 Bluetooth module is its ability to switch between master and slave modes.This versatile capability means it can seamlessly toggle between receiving and transmitting data, enhancing its flexibility and adaptability for various applications.Whether it's acting as a data receiver or a data transmitter, the HC-05 Bluetooth module provides a reliable and efficient wireless communication solution.

Methods
Fig. 12 incorporates acquiring the necessary sensors, microcontrollers, communication modules, and other required components.Once the materials have been procured, the subsequent stage in the process involves designing.This design phase encompasses both the structural layout and electrical configuration of the project, laying the foundational framework.Following the design phase, the next step involves the implementation and execution of simulations to ensure the designed system functions as intended.It is imperative to thoroughly test the theoretical setup through simulations before proceeding further.After successful simulation, the process advances to the prototyping stage.During prototyping, various prototypes and alternative designs are considered and assessed to determine the most effective solution for the project.Following the prototyping stage, a critical step is the meticulous inspection and error-checking phase.Here, a thorough evaluation of the project is conducted to identify any errors or discrepancies.It is vital to rectify any identified errors to ensure a flawless execution of the project.Finally, upon resolving errors and confirming the system's integrity, the project concludes, bringing the entire process to its final stages.

Planning and Requirements Gathering
Review existing carbon gas monitoring technologies and systems.Determine the specific parameters and standards for air quality monitoring, adhering to IPC2221A standards.

Sensor and Hardware Selection and PCB Layout Design
Select gas sensors, temperature, and humidity sensors to the Arduino Uno microcontroller following sensor datasheets and pinout specifications.Utilize Eagle CAD and Ultiboard software applications to design the PCB layouts.

Prototyping and Calibration
Develop the Arduino Uno application for programming the system.Integrate an additional sensor for comprehensive air quality monitoring.Fig. 13 illustrates the Data Flow Diagram representing the essential data flow for the Gas Emission Monitoring Device.Initially, the input to this system is the emissions generated by vehicles.This input data is then directed to the gas analyzers, which function as the sensors responsible for measuring and analyzing the gases present.Once the gases have been accurately measured, the system processes the information, resulting in meaningful output or results derived from the analysis.This output represents a crucial step in the data flow, transforming raw emissions data into valuable insights and actionable information for effective gas emission monitoring.The sensors must exhibit the ability to operate sustainably while effectively preventing issues such as overheating.The duration for which these sensors can function continuously holds significant importance, with a longer operational period being more desirable than sensors that have limited functionality over time.The provided table serves as a reference for the continuous operation hours of each sensor type.Notably, the MQ Sensors demonstrate a longer continuous operation capacity compared to the MiCS Sensors.Furthermore, it is interesting to observe that both Dust Sensors and Temperature Sensors exhibit an equivalent duration of continuous function.This data underscores the variance in the sustainability and operational capacity among the different sensor types.Upon analyzing the data, it becomes apparent that the first design model, with an average continuous operation time of 35.67 hours, surpasses the second design model, which averages 25.2 hours of continuous function.This distinction makes it evident that the first design model outperforms the second in terms of sensor sustainability and overall functionality.The cost aspect of the project is a key factor that evaluates the prices of the sensors intended for use in each design option.The pricing of these sensors is determined based on the most economical rates found on the official websites of online stores available within the Philippines.The ensuing table provides a comprehensive comparison of sensor prices for the two distinct design models.According to the table, it is evident that the total cost amounts to seven hundred eighty-six pesos (₱ 786.00) if the choice is made to employ MQ Sensors as the gas sensors in the first design option.In contrast, the total cost for the second design model adds up to one thousand six hundred fifty-three pesos and ninety cents (₱ 1,653.92).In this particular context of cost, it becomes apparent that design 1 once again outperforms design 2, showcasing a more cost-effective approach.The final design selected for the Carbon Gas Emission Monitoring System for Private Vehicles utilizes exclusively MQ Sensors and a Lithium-Ion Battery.Data output is facilitated through a mobile application.The PCB layouts for the power management were crafted using Eagle CAD for the nanopower boost charger circuit and Ultiboard for the boost converter circuit.Fig. 23 depicts the user interface of our mobile application, featuring two key components.Firstly, the gas concentration plot which visually displays the concentration levels of gases.This real-time plot provides a graphical representation, offering users a clear view of gas concentration variations over time.Secondly, the metric indicating the amount of carbon gas measured.This numerical representation offers specific and quantifiable data regarding the carbon gas levels, enhancing the informational depth provided to the user through the mobile application's interface.Together, these elements contribute to a comprehensive user experience for effective gas monitoring.

Conclusions
The system was designed to monitor multiple gases, including Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen Monoxide, Carbon Monoxide, and Dust Density, while also incorporating temperature and humidity measurements.Achieving this goal involved utilizing Arduino Uno application for programming and efficiently integrating additional sensors within a cost-effective framework.The resulting prototype successfully showcased real-time monitoring capabilities that met the expectations of the client.Integration of air quality sensors, microcontrollers, and communication modules for effective power management was executed smoothly, adhering to the necessary integration criteria as evidenced by the final design.Comparative analysis with existing carbon gas emission testing centers confirmed the performance of the design in line with the study's objectives.
For future researchers embarking on a similar endeavor, it is advisable to explore ways to enhance the accuracy and sensitivity of the gathered data.Parameter variations could help minimize losses in the system design, thereby boosting design efficiency.A highly efficient design corresponds to improved data accuracy and precision.
In the context of measuring vehicle emissions, inserting a copper tube into the exhaust system could yield better results.Our gas emission testing revealed that our prototype demonstrated considerable sensitivity in measuring vehicle exhaust gases, necessitating further exploration to optimize this aspect.
To prolong the system's battery life, considering a higher power rating for the power bank without significantly increasing costs could be beneficial.Additionally, enhancing the design's charging capabilities would extend the battery life of the system, enhancing its overall efficiency.These recommendations aim to guide future researchers in refining and optimizing similar systems for improved performance and effectiveness.

Fig. 1 .
Fig. 1.Global ranking of risk factors by total deaths from all causes in 2019.(Source: State of Global Air, 2019).

Fig. 4 .
Fig. 4. Annual CO2 Emissions by world regions.(Source: Global Carbon Budget ,2022).During 2021, the Philippines played a part in the global CO2 emissions landscape by representing a 0.39% share shown in Fig.5.This portion corresponds to an annual CO2 emission, in Fig. 6, of 144.26 million tonnes.
Conferences https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202448803001488 AMSET2023 detrimental gases, further enhancing its utility as an efficient and comprehensive gas detection tool for assessing air quality.

Fig. 14 .
Fig. 14.System Analysis of the Gas Emission Monitoring Device.

Fig. 14
Fig.14provides an overview of the intended application for the design.It serves as a visual representation to clarify the specific purpose or use case the design is meant to address.Analyzing the figure, it becomes evident that the design requires multiple output rails to fulfil its intended function.These output rails play a crucial role in achieving the design's objectives.

,Fig. 17 .
Fig. 17.Number of hours can a sensor work continuously.

Fig. 18 .
Fig. 18.Average Function Time for each Design model.

Fig. 20 .Fig. 21 .
Fig. 20.Design Circuit Diagram.The layout adheres to IPC2221A standards concerning component footprints and copper trace width based on current flow within the PCB design.The circuit boards meet the desired specifications, keeping the size below 4"x4", ensuring seamless integration into an air quality monitoring device.

Table 2 .
Exhaust Emission Limits of Gaseous Pollutants for Cars and Light Duty Motor Vehicles (Reference No. ECE Reg.15-04).

Table 3 .
Exhaust Limits of Gaseous Pollutants for Medium and Heavy-Duty Motor Vehicles Equipped with Compression Ignition Engines (Reference No. ECE Reg.49-01).

Table 4 .
Emission Limits for Motorcycle Type Approval with 4-Stroke Engines (ECE Regulation 40.01).

Table 5 .
Emission Limits for Motorcycle Type Approval with 2-Stroke Engines (ECE Regulation 40.01).