Leachate migration and percolation consequences on water quality: A case study of Plateau State Nigeria

. Leachate water samples were collected from dumpsite and its adjacent area in Jos metropolis to study leachate migration and percolation consequences on water quality. Concentration of various physico-chemical parameters including heavy metal (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, As, V, and Zn) were determined in water and leachate samples. The moderate to high concentrations of Cl, NO3, SO4, Fe, Zn, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) in water, indicate that water quality in the area is being affected by leachate percolation. Surface water has HPI value of 94.52 with mean value of 48.32 which is of the transition stage of medium to high. HEI value computed was 20.07 with mean value of 16 for the surface water, in ground water, HEI value computed was 5.94 with mean value of 0.88. LPI at Honda village showed the lowest values of 16.5, GeroNyango and Sabon Geri Atu village highest value of 20.1 and 23.4. This suggests that leachate percolation is have an effect on water quality which indicates that water in the area is threatened. Government should consider recycling waste, composting, using waste to generate energy, reuse derived full (RDF), solid Recovered (SRF) and engineering landfill as an option.


Introduction
Values for water potential must be placed on it rather than being discarded or ignored in order to create a more circular and sustainable economy.Communities, especially primary producers, are under a lot of pressure these days to increase water efficiency and use alternate water sources, such as recycled wastewater sources, for irrigation in a more sustainable manner.Water sources such as soil, surface water, and groundwater can be safely and economically used for irrigation under controlled management, despite the fact that using water for irrigation raises concerns about public exposure to leachate contamination [1].The entire pollutant load of water and its produced quality are generally rising due to rapid urbanization, economic development, and population rise.Worldwide, landfills continue to be the essential "ending point" for MSW management [3,4,5].Landfills for municipal solid waste are important sources of a number of contaminants that are harmful to the environment [6].When organic materials in the waste mass interact physically, chemically, biologically, and microbiologically, leachate is released as a result of rains seeping through the landfill body [5,7].Rainfall is one of the most significant variables that directly affects the leachate's quality, along with a number of other variables including the kind of waste, level of compaction, landfill age, etc. [8][9][10][11][12].To the best of our knowledge, related study has been done at Ministry of Agriculture Forest Nursery to look at the components of leachate and how it affects the soil in Jos [13,14].The impact of leachate on soil was the primary topic of these investigations.It has not yet been published, meanwhile, how rainfall and short-term leachate quality data from the landfill site relate to one another.The goal of this project is to gather water from dumpsites and short-term leachate quality data through field observation.Determining the effects of leachate migration and percolation on water quality is the aim of this study.Water management and the availability of sufficient and clean water sources are related.Around the world, water supplies have become contaminated due to an increase in untreated solid waste, industrial discharge, mining runoff, and agricultural runoff.80 percent of water in the world runs off untreated and back into the ecosystem, which means that almost 1.8 billion people drink water tainted with leachate from solid waste dumps and human waste, increasing their risk of cholera, dysentery, typhoid, and polio [15].Pollution has an impact on the supply of water.Intense farming, industrial output, mining, untreated urban runoff, and leachate creation are the main causes of issues with water quality [1].72% of total water withdrawals are used by agriculture, 16% by municipalities for families and services, and 12% by industries.In many developing nations, the use of untreated or insufficiently treated water for agricultural purposes is a major source of pollution of surface and groundwater.Due to its high nutritional value or lack of conventional water resources, farmers are becoming more interested in non-conventional water sources, particularly wastewater.Wastewater, when used properly, can be a useful source of nutrients and water, improving food security, livelihoods, and access to water [16][17][18][19].When animals and people eat crops grown in a region irrigated with contaminated water, the use of contaminated water for irrigation can reduce soil productivity, contaminate crops, and transmit potentially hazardous chemicals up the food chain [2].This aims to classify the challenges of leachate on water quality.It describes the challenges of leachate on water quality affecting on water quality.

Materials and Methods
Figure 1 illustrates the six dumpsites in Jos where the investigation was conducted.L1 through L6 refer to a composite surface leachate sample that was taken at the base of each of the six dumpsites.Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), chloride, and heavy metals are examples of general elements in municipal dumpsite leachate that were examined in both the leachate and water samples.The selection of criteria was based on their relative significance in the composition of leachates from municipal dumpsites, as well as their propensity to pollute groundwater resources.(47) as surface water from open abundant mining ponds, streams and rivers sites and the ten (10) sampling sites from hand dug wells and borehole wells all with solid waste, (1) one control sites which is five hundred meters away from the solid waste dumpsite (as presented in Figure 1).Samples were taken during the dry season.The dry season was when the samples were collected.For analysis, water samples from surface 47 (forty-seven) were gathered and placed in glass and plastic containers.After being collected, the samples were put in an icebox and sent to the lab for processing in less than three hours.Every sample was taken using 5.0L capacity pre-cleaned polyethylene containers.Once back in the lab, the samples were kept at 4 o C in the incubator before being examined in accordance with the Standard Method.To prevent the heavy metals from precipitating, 1.0 milliliter of concentrated nitric acid was added to each heavy metal sample to preserve it independently.The titration method was used to determine the anions, and an atomic absorption spectrophotometer was used at the National Geosciences Research Laboratory in Kaduna to evaluate water samples for heavy metals.

Results
Thus, the LPI was computed using the twelve leachate parameters (pH, TDS, BOD5, COD, Cl-, and heavy metals Fe, Cu, Ni, Zn, Pb, Cr, and As) that were available for each site.The primary factors influencing these locations' LPI scores (18) are organic chemicals (BOB5, COD).Results show the value of leachate pollution index (LPI) ranging from 16.5 to 23.4 (Figure 2).Result of the analyses are presented and consist of the challenges of leachate on water sources within the locations of study (Figure 3).Ph ranged between 6.20 to 10.10 with mean value of 7.6 in the surface water and between 5.4 to 6.8 with mean value of 5.02 in the ground water as compared to WHO and NESREA standards of maximum permissible limits 9.5 (Figure 5).Similarly, the conductivity of the samples varied between 3μS/m to 166μS/m with mean value 43 μS/m in the surface water and between 12.6 μS/m to 69μS/m with mean value of 33 μS/m in the ground water as compared to WHO and NESREA standards of maximum permissible limits 1480μS/cm (Figure 3 and 6).TDS ranged between 2.10mg/l to116.2mg/lwith mean value of 30mg/l in the surface water and between 8.80 mg/l to 48.3mg/l with mean value of 23mg/l in the ground water as compared to WHO and NESREA standards of maximum permissible limits 500mg/l (Figure 7).

Anions in water
Chloride ranged 7.10mg/l to 217mg/l with mean value of 40.98mg/l in the surface water and between 2.20mg/l to 24.1mg/l with mean value of 9.8 mg/l in the ground water as compared to WHO and NESREA standards of maximum permissible limit 250mg/l.Floride ranged between 0.047mg/l to 0.540mg/l with mean value of 0.25mg/l in the surface water and between 0.10 mg/l to 0.124mg/l with mean value of 0.11mg/l in the ground water as compared to WHO and NESREA standards of maximum permissible limits 1.5mg/l.Sulphate ranged between 5.00mg/l to 325mg/l with mean value of 47.33mg/l in the surface water and between 55mg/l to 330mg/l with mean value of 128.5mg/l in the ground water as compared to WHO and NESREA standards of maximum permissible limits of 400mg/l.Similarly, the bicarbonate of the samples varied between 6 mg/l to 444.4 mg/l with mean value 58.84 mg/l in the surface water and between 3.2 mg/l to 22.50 mg/l with mean value of 8.40 mg/l in the ground water as compared to WHO and NESREA standards of maximum permissible limits 600 mg/l (Figure 7).

Cations in water
Sodium ranged 0.02mg/l to 43.95mg/l with mean value of 18.44mg/l in the surface water and between 3.62mg/l to 24.59mg/l with mean value of 9.03mg/l in the ground water as compared to WHO and NESREA standards of maximum permissible limit 50mg/l.Potassium ranged between 0.01mg/l to 11.49mg/l with mean value of 3.31mg/l in the surface water and between 0.58mg/l to 10.28mg/l with mean value of 3.97mg/l in the ground water as compared to WHO and NESREA standards of maximum permissible limits 3mg/l.Magnesium ranged between 0.10mg/l to 6.35mg/l with mean value of 1.17mg/l in the surface water and between 0.01mg/l to 11.90mg/l with mean value of 5.76mg/l in the ground water as compared to WHO and NESREA standards of maximum permissible limits 300mg/l.Similarly, calcium of the samples varied between 1.59mg/l to 41.70mg/l with mean value 10.52mg/l in the surface water and between 9.04mg/l to 72.50mg/l with mean value of 32.4mg/l in the ground water as compared to WHO and NESREA standards of maximum permissible limits 5000mg/l (Figure 8).

Heavy metals in water
Chromium ranged 1.00ug/l to 277ug/l with mean value of 91.30ug/l in the surface water and between 1.00ug/l to 40.00ug/l with mean value of 8.20ug/l in the ground water as compared to WHO and NESREA standards of maximum permissible limit 50000 ug/l.The maximum chromium was observed in stations sWT20 in the surface water and station HWT55 in the ground water.Minimum chromium concentration was observed in station sWT32 in the surface water and in station HWT57 in the ground water (Figure 9).Cadmium ranged between 0.01ug/l to 1.20ug/l with mean value of 2190ug/l in the surface water and between 0.01ug/l to 0.03ug/l without mean value in the ground water as compared to WHO and NESREA standards of maximum permissible limits 3000ug/l.The maximum cadmium was observed in stations pWT39 in the surface water and station HWT49 and HTW51 in the ground water.Minimum cadmium concentration was observed in station pWT32 and pWT40 in the surface water and in stations HWT55 and HWT57 in the ground water.Iron ranged between 20ɥg/l to 2010 ug/l with mean value of 309.60ug/l in the surface water and between 20ug/l to 730 ug/l with mean value of 205ug/l in the ground water as compared to WHO and NESREA standards of maximum permissible limits 200,000ug/l.The maximum iron was observed in stations sWT27 in the surface water and station HWT55 in the ground water.Minimum iron concentration was observed in station pWT43 in the surface water and in stations HWT51 in the ground water.Zinc ranged between 10 ug/l to 420 ug/l with mean value of 107.70ug/l in the surface water and between 30 ug/l to 540ug/l with mean value of 180 ug/l in the ground water as compared to WHO and NESREA standards of maximum permissible limits 500000ug/l.The maximum iron was observed in stations pWT37 in the surface water and station HWT56 in the ground water.Minimum zinc concentration was observed in station pWT42 in the surface water and in stations HWT54 in the ground water.Lead ranged between 0.001ug/l to 1.98ug/l with mean value of 0.77ug/l in the surface water and between 0.001ug/l to 0'003ug/l with mean value of 0.001ug/l in the ground water as compared to WHO and NESREA standards of maximum permissible limits 1500ug/l.The maximum lead was observed in stations sWT22 in the surface water and station HWT54 in the ground water.Minimum lead concentration was observed in station sWT32 and sWT40 in the surface water and in stations HWT57 in the ground water.Similarly, nickel of the samples varied between 20ug/l to 120ug/l with mean value 13.60 ug/l in the surface water and between 1ug/l to 30ug/l with mean value of 3.8ug/l in the ground water as compared to WHOM and NESREA standards of maximum permissible limits 20000ug/l.The maximum nickel was observed in stations sWT4 in the surface water and station HWT50 in the ground water.Minimum nickel concentration was observed in station sWT25in the surface water and in stations HWT54 and HWT57 and in the ground water during the same period of the year (Table 2).

Classification of Water Quality
The results of water-quality monitoring carried out by using streams, rivers, old mining ponds and groundwater of selected wells based on suitability irrigation purposes and the calculated parameters Na(%), TH(mg/l), SAR(meq/l), KI(meq/l) and MR(meq/l) are presented in Tables 3 to 7. Cr, Cd, Fe, Pb, Zn and Ni were used to calculate heavy metal pollution index (HPI) and heavy metal evaluation index (HEI) using the WHO standard (2012), values of metal contents in water samples.This study shows that the HPI value of greater than 90 is of high HPI, in the study area the surface water has HPI value of 94.52 with mean value of 48.32 which is of the transition stage of medium to high HPI, while the HPI of less than 45 is low HPI and in the study area the computed value of the HPI for the ground water was 14.75 with mean value of 9.09 which shows the water is of low HPI value( Table 10,11 and 12).But interestingly, same sample locations showed less polluted in most of the area in term of HPI values compare to Cd values.However, the HEI values the study show that the HEI range of 10 to 20 is of medium water, in the study area the HEI value computed was 20.07 with mean value of 16 for the surface water which is medium, while the HEI <10 is low value and in the study area the HEI value computed was 5.94 with mean value of 0.88(Table 13 and 14).Based on water quality rating study clearly shows that, the status of the water body is unsuitable for drinking and also observed that the pollution load is relatively high (Table 15 and 16).

Leachate interaction with Water in Dumpsites
Compare to previous studies [17,18], Leachate from these dumpsites has a high potential for polluting the environment and endangering human health, according to LPI values.Dumpsite at Honda village showed the lowest with 16.5, whereas dumpsites at Gero Nyango and Saon Geri Atu village showed highestvalue of 20.1 and 23.4.According to collected data, dumpsite at Gero Nyango is the oldest.One of the main elements influencing the variation in the LPI score is the age of the dumpsite.In contrast to the younger sites with fresher leachates, the older dumpsites displayed a decrease in the LPI value [19].However, Gero Nyango and Sabon Geri Atu village with LPI of 20.1 and 23.4 was an exception.In comparison to other sites, this one continues to take a higher volume of waste, which complicates the leachate quality.Heavy rains that occurred as a result of the high LPI value undoubtedly presented risks to the environment and the surrounding community because rainwater seeped into the landfill body, creating an excess of leachate quantity and making leachate quality control difficult [20].
The type of waste and the degree of biodegradation of the waste are the driving forces behind the leachate's contamination stage.Large amounts of natural materials, including chlorinated natural and inorganic salts and alkali nitrogen, may be preserved in leachate from biodegradable trash.Rain, snow, and atmospheric conditions all have a big influence on leachate formation.If the dumpsite is constructed below the water table, surface spillage inside the landfill itself may affect the amount of leachate and groundwater penetration.

Physicochemical characteristics of water
The maximum temperatures were observed at Tina Junction in the surface water.Minimum temperature concentration observed in many places in surface water and in the ground water in the month of November (Figure 3).The maximum pH was observed at Tina Junction in the surface water.Minimum pH concentration observed at GeroNyango in the ground water (Figure 5).Numerous factors, including dilution effects and precipitation infiltration, contributed to pH variations.pH levels can be impacted by the introduction of pollutants from both natural and manmade sources, such as the percolation of solid waste leachate and other land uses.These pH readings, nevertheless, fell within what is thought to be a fairly normal range [21].The groundwater in Kwang-Ray field had the lowest EC content recorded for the same year (Figure 6).These metrics are used to show the degree of salinity and mineral content in leachate and are influenced by the total amount of dissolved organic and inorganic material present in solution.The leachate's overall strength and pollutant load are reflected in its total mineral content [13].The presence of potassium, sodium, chloride, nitrate, sulfate, and ammonia salts is what causes the leachate's salt concentration.The breakdown of organic matter has resulted in a high conductivity value in the leachate of Jos city.The maximum TDS were observed at Tina Junction in the surface water.Minimum TDS concentration was observed at Kwang -Ray field in the ground water.The maximum EC were observed at Tina Junction in the surface water (Figure 7).

Anions in water
The maximum chloride was observed at Honda Villa Garage Gordom and GeroNyango in the surface water.Minimum chloride concentration was observed at Sabon Gari Atu Akan Village in the surface water and ground water..The maximum fluoride was observed at Honda Villa Garage Gordom in the surface water and the ground water.Minimum fluoride concentration was observed at Sabon Gari Atu Akan Village in surface water and in the ground water.The maximum sulphate was observed at Tina Junction and Honda Villa Garage Gordom in the surface water and in the ground water.Minimum sulphate concentration was observed at GeroNyango in the surface water.The maximum bicarbonate was observed at GeroNyango in the surface water and ground water.Minimum bicarbonate concentration was observed at Sabon Gari Atu Akan Village in the surface water in the ground water during the same period of the year (Figure 8).The distribution of all of anions analysis in dumpsite water samples shows a leading trend of bicarbonate followed by chloride and sulphate in that order.The high chloride content in the leachate sample reflects the significant presence of soluble salts in the municipal solid waste materials of the study area.The substantial amount of sewage and other animal and agricultural waste dumped at the site is the cause of the high chloride level in the leachate sample from dumpsites.Metal sulfide precipitates in the leachate sample and is transformed from sulfate to sulfide prior to anaerobic action.Due to the breakdown of organic matter, soluble waste (like ash or construction debris), inert waste (like dredging river sediments), and synthetic detergents, it was discovered that the leachate sample had a high sulphate In a similar vein, the most oxidized form of nitrogen observed in a natural system is represented by nitrates.It is frequently thought to as a clear sign of pollution in homes and farms.It was mostly created in the leachate sample by the nitrification process, which converted ammonium oxidation to nitrite and then to nitrates.

Cations in Water
The maximum sodium was observed at Sarki Street in surface water.Minimum sodium concentration was observed at Kwang -Ray field in the surface water and the ground water.The maximum potassium was observed at Sarki Street in surface water.Minimum potassium concentration was observed at Kwang -Ray in surface water.The maximum magnesium was observed at Kwang -Ray field in surface water.Minimum magnesium concentration was observed at Tina Junction in surface water.The maximum calcium was observed at GeroNyango in surface water.Minimum calcium concentration was observed at Honda Villa Garage Gordom in surface water and in ground water during the same period of the year (Figure 8).Cations in leachate are often obtained from the breakdown of organic materials and the dissolving of inorganic wastes like tiles, plaster, and concrete.All of the samples used in this experiment contain significant amounts of both potassium and sodium.The dumpsite's microbiological activities have no discernible effect on sodium or potassium.These ions, which are mostly sourced from household garbage and vegetable leftovers, are crucial to plant physiology.Elevated potassium levels in groundwater are frequently regarded as a sign of leachate pollution.The primary sources of potassium are fertilizer leaching and the weathering and erosion of rocks like feldspar that contain potassium.Excessive sodium intake is one risk factor for hypertension.Sodium is an essential nutrient that must be consumed in sufficient amounts for optimal health.Water softening involves the use of sodium.The high amounts of phosphates and sulphates were cited as the cause of the extremely high potassium concentration.The reduction of Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ is ascribed to bicarbonate dissolution, which is validated by a pH shift at the same location.It appears that charge pairing and leaching of those base cations with N03 -and S04 2-caused the depletion.

Heavy metals in water
The maximum chromium was observed at GeroNyango in surface water.Minimum chromium concentration was observed at Kwang -Ray field in and in station HWT57 at ground water (Figure 9).The maximum cadmium was observed at Tina Junction in surface water and in the ground water.Minimum cadmium concentration was observed at Kwang -Ray field in the surface water and in the ground water.The maximum lead was observed GeroNyango in the surface water.Minimum lead concentration was observed at GeroNyango in the surface water.The maximum nickel was observed at Kwang -Ray field in the surface water.Minimum nickel concentration was observed at Kwang -Ray field in the surface water during the same period of the year (Table 2).The maximum iron was observed at Kwang -Ray field in surface water and in the ground water.Minimum iron concentration was observed at Sarki Street in the surface water.The maximum zinc was observed at Sabon Gari Atu Akan Village in surface water.Minimum zinc concentration was observed at Sarki Street in the surface water (Table 2).The concentration of other metals like Cs, Sb, Rb, Lu, and Sc were noticeable.This is true because the geological substance that forms the soil at a specific site is what causes the background concentration of metals in that soil.Depending on its type and source, solid waste has different physical compositions.The quantities of degradable and non-degradable components in waste deposits have an impact on the generation and composition of gas leachate at a dumpsite.The oxidation of ferrous to ferric form and the creation of ferric hydroxide colloids and complexes with fulvic/humic material are responsible for the leachate's dark brown color.This might be the result of steel scraps being disposed of in landfills.The amount of heavy metal Pb found in the air suggests that Pb batteries, photo processing chemicals, Pb-based paints, and Pb pipes were disposed of at landfills.The Jos metropolitan dumpsite has a lower concentration of pollutants.This can be because there are rivers close to the disposal location, which could lower the concentration of leachate.Additionally, the study was able to show that the concentration of heavy metals decreases with increasing distance.The precipitation factor and leaching processes are responsible for the decrease in measured heavy metal content over distance.Rainfall acts as a catalyst to hasten the leaching process by which the heavy metal percolates into the soil.This poses a significant risk to soil microorganisms and the subterranean aquifer.Waste storage practices have an impact on leachate migration.Although the permeability of compacted waste has been reduced, leachate may still be able to seep through the site's stream channels due to the layers of garbage and topsoil.

Total hardness
The action of soap in water causes the precipitation of Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ ions 2+ , which causes both temporary and permanent hardness.The primary cause of water's temporary hardness is the calcium carbonate that is eliminated after heating.Ion-exchange mechanisms remove Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ ions, which is what causes permanent hardness.Water hardness restricts its usage in industry; it causes scaling in irrigation pipes, boilers, and pots.The total hardness (TH) expressed in mg /l.The most desirable limit for TH is 80-100 mg CaCO3/l.The calculated TH values was 104.70mg/l for surface water and 226.50 mg/l for groundwater samples The surface water showed moderately TH which tend to be very hard water category in the groundwater (Table 3).

Evaluation of Water Quality Index (WQI)
To determine suitability of the water quality for drinking water purposes using international standard (WHO, 2011) and NESREA Standard (surface and ground water Regulation, 2011) values and the results are presented in Table 3 to 7. The WQI values in the study area were classified based on modified categories of quality indices values.The result also displayed water quality index of the study area in the range between maximum and mean values for both surface and ground water.For surface water maximum water quality index recorded is 24.70 mg/l with mean value of 11.13 mg/l and ground water quality index recorded was 5.60 mg/l with mean value of 4.99 mg/l.Results revealed that water with WQI range less than 50 is of excellent quality and in the study area surface water that shows WQI of 42.50 and ground water that shows WQI of 44.90 and mean value of 7.00 is of excellent WQI, The WQI range of 100.1 to 200 is of poor quality and in study area surface water recorded WQI of 138.42 which is of poor water quality index.On the other hand, the degree of contamination (Cd) was used as a reference of estimating the level of pollution.The result also displayed water quality index of the study area in the range between maximum and mean values for both surface and ground water (Table 8 and 9).Depending on the mean values of each, different HEI criterion values have been constructed for water, and a multiple of the mean values was used to distinguish between the various levels of contamination.Thus, three categories were established for the suggested HEI criterion for the water samples: low (HEI < 45), medium (HEI = 45-90), and high (HEI > 90).The pollution indexes were made easier to understand by utilizing the HEI.The result also displayed water quality index of the study area in the range between maximum and mean values for both surface and ground water (Table 10 to 14).The leachate sample has a high-water quality index (LPI) value, indicating more risk for contamination.Leachate can be hazardous to the environment and public health; thus, precautions and ongoing observation are needed.

.1 Effect of leachate on water 4.2.1.1 Magnesium Ratio (MR)
Most groundwater is in a condition of equilibrium due to the Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ ions.When Mg 2+ in water reaches equilibrium, it turns the soil alkaline, which lowers crop output.The measure of the effect of magnesium in irrigated water is expressed as the magnesium ratio.The MR calculated value was 15.70mg/l for surface water and 2.58mg/l for groundwater range from 15.49 during November.Both values were within the acceptable range within the time frame, and the samples are below the 50 mg/l allowable limit, which suggests a positive impact on crop yield and a decline in soil alkalinity.Crop output will be negatively impacted by the continuous use of water with a high magnesium content, necessitating immediate intervention (Table 20).

Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC)
The effect of groundwater for irrigation is dependent on the ratio of carbonate and bicarbonate to calcium and magnesium in the water.Excess sodium bicarbonate and carbonate dissolve organic matter in the soil, leaving a black stain on the surface that dries out and affects the physical characteristics of the soil.All ionic concentrations are expressed in meq/l.Calculated RSC value of 0.28 mg/l was observed in groundwater samples which showed that the water is not suitable for irrigation purposes.Groundwater samples were found to be unsuitable during the period may be due to the less action of infiltrating rain water.

Sodium Percentage (Na+ %)
Because of its capacity to react with soil and lower its permeability, sodium is a crucial ion that is employed in the classification of irrigation water.The percentage of Na+ is frequently used to determine if water is suitable for irrigation.All ionic values are reported in meq/l, and Na+ is expressed as percent sodium or soluble-sodium percentage (%Na+).As per the classification 20 to 40% of groundwater samples during the period was in excellent category; 29.48% represent good in surface water samples and 53.57% of surface water samples during the period represents permissible limit.No sample is used to represent a dubious category, and no representation is created within an inappropriate range.An increase in samples that fall into the excellent category and a drop in samples that fall into the good and acceptable categories for irrigation are solid indicators of the effect of dilution throughout the season.Higher Na+% are generally seen over the time, suggesting that ion exchange and weathering from the research area's lithological units predominate.

Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR)
Alkali danger, or sodium absorption ratio, is another term for salt concentration, and it's crucial to know for assessing irrigation water quality.Elevated saline levels diminish plant osmotic activity and hinder water uptake by the branches and leaves, leading to subpar yield.High Na+ and low Ca 2+ irrigation water promotes ion exchange by destroying the soil structure through the dispersion of clay particles, which leads to low production since it is difficult to cultivate (concentrations given in units of meq/l).Throughout the period, the calculated SAR values for surface water were 21.21 in the good category, 0.016 in the acceptable category for groundwater, and 2.83 in the unsuitable category for surface water.The wet season has greater SAR, indicating precipitation-induced salt dissolution and leaching.

Permeability Index (PI)
The amount of salt, calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate in the soil affects its permeability, which in turn affects the irrigation water's quality over an extended period of time.A PI-based criterion, where all ions are expressed in meq/l, is used to determine if water is suitable for irrigation.PI in the range of 10.7 to 112. with a mean of 31.7 meq/l for the time frame.The groundwater samples during the seasons fall into class I based on PI readings, indicating that the water is moderately excellent enough for irrigation.

Kelly's Index (KI)
Water intended for irrigation is categorized using Kelly's index.A KI (>1) indicates an excess of sodium in the water, whereas KI (<2) denotes a shortfall.While waters with a higher ratio are inappropriate for irrigation, those with a low KI (<1) are acceptable.The calculated KI value of 2.83 was recorded as unsuitable for surface water and 0.016 was recorded as suitable for groundwater during the period.This suggests that a larger proportion came from the feldspars in the research area's litho units weathering.In irrigated regions such as the one under investigation, saline groundwater is restricted to shallow depths.Excessive irrigation causes saline deposits in soils, which migrate to well screens due to high evaporation rates and inadequate drainage.Salinity and sodality issues accumulate on the soils of the study region as a result of surface irrigation with more salinized waters.Studies have been conducted on the leachate from the dumpsite, revealing elevated levels of nitrate (NO3 − ), chloride (Cl − ), Na, Fe, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and electrical conductivity (EC).Both geotechnical and geochemical characteristics of soil and water resources were examined in order to determine the quality of water within the populations residing near uncontrolled dumpsites in Jos, in order to evaluate the extent of leachate's effects on the environment.

Conclusion
The challenges of leachate on water quality affects surface water (streams and abandon mining ponds) and groundwater in such a way that physical characteristic, anions, cation and heavy metals are implicated due to leachate generation, migration and percolation as a result of indiscriminate discharge in Jos, with little consideration of recycling water, composting, using waste to generate energy, reuse derived full (RDF), solid Recovered (SRF) and engineering landfill as an option.

Fig. 1 .
Fig. 1.Satellite Imagery of the Study Area

Fig. 7 .
Fig. 7. Concentration of Total dissolved solid at the dumpsite

Fig. 8 .
Fig. 8. Concentration of anion and cation in water

.
The Methods of Analysis of Different Parameters Because it measures the amount of leachate dispersion in groundwater bodies, chloride was included in the water quality.These locations, which include a random sampling of the research area's streams, pond water, water wells, and boreholes, are dispersed from Jos's downtown north to south.Fifty-seven (57) sampling sites were selected, forty-seven

Table 2 .
Summary of Heavy Metals of the Study Area

Table 3 .
Classification of Water Quality based on Suitability of Water for Irrigation Purposes portion of the samples surpassed the critical limits when the Cd values were classified.As a result, Cd values indicate that the majority of surface water sample locations in the research area are highly polluted (Table8 and 9).
Degree of contamination (Cd) range of 10 to 20 is of medium value and the study area revealed surface water Cd value of 17.67 and with mean value of 5.39 which is of the medium contamination index, while the Cd range of less than 10 is of low value so in the study area the Cd value of 3.59 and with mean value of 2.97 was calculated and is of low Cd value in the ground water.The calculated Cd values for surface water were discovered to be greater than 3, suggesting that a significant

Table 4 .
Adopted Standard for Computed Indices Highest permissible in ppb.Concentration of important heavy metals (Cr, Fe, Ni, Zn, Pb and Cd) in water of the study are presented.

Table 5 .
Surface water (maximum values) for Water Quality

Table 6 .
Surface Water (mean values) for Water Quality

Table 7 .
Ground Water (mean values) for Water Quality

Table 8 .
Surface water and Ground water for Water Quality (maximum and mean values)

Table 9 .
Degree of Contamination (Cd) Ground water (maximum and mean values)

Table 10 .
Applied Parameters and Constants for Calculation of HPI and HEI (according to WHO guidelines)

Table 11 .
Heavy Metal Pollution Index Surface water (maximum values)

Table 13 .
Evaluation Index Surface water (maximum and mean values)

Table 14 .
Heavy Metal Evaluation Index Ground water (maximum and mean values) (Monitored Parameter Maximum Admissible

Table 15 .
Summary of Water Quality Index of the study Area

Table 16 .
Summary of Cations and Water Quality Index of the Study Area