Substantiation of the rotary pin installation's working bodies parameters for processing of dried grapes

. The article offers the results of experimental research, the influence of the number of revolutions of the plate and the angle of inclination of the side wall of the plate, internal, and external diameters and heights of pins installed on the plate of a rotary pin installation, as well as the humidity of dried grapes on показателей its performance indicators. When determining the influence of the speed of the plate on the performance of the device, the speed of the plate changed from 200 min -1 to 350 min -1 with an interval of 50 min -1 . As well as determining the influence of the angle of inclination of the side wall of the plate on the performance indicators, that when the angle of inclination of the side wall of the plate changes from 25 ° to 35°, the degree of cleaning and loss of dried grapes increased, and the degree of damage decreased. An increase in this angle from 35 ° to 40 ° resulted in a decrease in the degree of peeling and loss of dried grapes, as well as an increase in the degree of damage to them. And at an angle of inclination of 35 ° or more, the probability of getting discarded dried grapes on the walls of the device increases, which negatively affects its quality indicators.


Introduction
In the world, the leading place is occupied by the cultivation of environmentally friendly products of grapes, fruitsvegetables and melons in order to ensure food security [1,2].If we consider that "70-75 million tons of grapes are cultivated annually in the world and 3.5-4.3 million tons of them are dried", then one of the most important tasks is the development of energy-resource-saving technical means and devices with high quality of work and productivity for the production of dried grapes, i.e. kishmish.In this regard, it is important to develop technically and technologically modernized resource-saving technical means for processing and drying grapes [3].As you know, commercial grapes are the primary basis for obtaining dried grape products: kishmish, raisins and coriander.According to the International Organization of Viticulture and Winemaking, more than 1.6 million tons of dried fruits are produced in the world.Dried grapes are produced in 19 countries of the world: USA, Turkey, Greece, Uzbekistan, etc.About 90% of the world's exports are made by Greece, Turkey, Afghanistan, and Australia.World importers of dried grapes are: England, Germany, CIS, Canada, Japan, France and Holland [3,4].Commercial grapes produce mainly two types of dried products: kishmish and raisins.The first one is produced from seedless grape varieties, and raisins are made from seed grapes.The best varieties for drying are: from seedless-white Kishmish, black Kishmish, Askeri, Bedona, Kishmish Luida, Kishmish Hishrau; from raisin varieties: Katta-kurgan, Sultani, Kara Janjal, Shturangur, Rizamat, Kara kaltak, Ak kaltak, Muscat of Alexandria.For drying kishmish varieties, grapes with a sugar content of not less than 23-25% are used, and raisins-not less than 22-23 % [5].Drying grapes with a lower sugar content leads to a small yield of dried products and low commercial quality [6] of kishmish and raisins, which makes the production of dried grapes unprofitable.Depending on the grape variety and drying method, dried grapes are divided into the following types studied in these literature [7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14].

Methods
In experimental studies, the influence of the number of revolutions of the plate and the angle of inclination of the side wall of the plate, small, and large diameters and heights of pins installed on the rotary pin installation, as well as humidity on the performance of work was studied.
During these experiments, based on theoretical studies, the number of revolutions of the plate of the device was changed from 200 min -1 to 350 min -1 with an interval of 50 min -1 , while the angle of inclination of the side walls of the latch was assumed to be 35°, and the height of its pins was 80 mm.

Results
The experimental resultsare shown in the graphs in Fig. 1.The analysis shows that the degree of cleaning of dried grapes changed depending on the number of revolutions of the plate of the device in the form of a convex parabola, i.e. the degree of cleaning improved with an increase in the number of revolutions of the plate from 200 min -1 to 300 min - 1 , and with an increase in the number of revolutions from 300 min -1 to 350 min -1 , this indicator it was decreasing.The degree of damage to dried grapes increased with the increase in the number of revolutions, and its losses decreased.The main reason for this is that with an increase in the number of of the plate, the speed of the pins increases, and this is accompanied by an increase in the intensity of forces acting on dried grapes and on bunches [ 3].With an increase in humidity from 16 to 19 %, the process of separating dried grapes from grapes and stems is easy, so the degree of cleaning and damage increased, and the degree of loss decreased.Therefore, the number of revolutions of the plate of the device should be in the range of 250-300 min -1 .Figure 2 shows that when the angle of inclination of the side wall of the plate changes from 25 ° to 35°, the degree of cleaning and loss of dried grapes increased, and the degree of damage decreased.Increasing this angle from 35 ° to 40 ° resulted in a decrease in the degree of peeling and loss of dried grapes, as well as an increase in the degree of damage to them.This can be explained as follows: with an increase in the angle of inclination of the side wall of the plate, the flight distance of dried grapes increases.And with an angle of inclination of 35 ° or more, the probability of getting discarded dried grapes on the walls of the device increases, which negatively affects its quality indicators.Based on the experimental data obtained, the number of revolutions of the device plate was in the range of 30-35°.

Influence of small and large pin diameters the performance
During these experiments, small and large pin diameters were changed, respectively, from2.0mm to 35 mm and 55.0 mm to 65 mm, while the pin height did not change and was 80 mm.vWhen conducting experimental studies, the degree of cleaning, damage, and loss was taken as the evaluation criterion.The experiments were performed after a plate rotation of 300 min -1 .The experimental results are shown in Table 1.Analysis of the results of the experiments showed that increasing small and large pin diameters from 22.0 mm to 30 and 55.0 mm to 60 mm, respectively, led to an improvement in the degree of cleaning in the range of 61.5-65.8%, a decrease in the degree of damage and loss, respectively-by 3.51-2.84%and 2.83-2.21%.When changing the diameters from 30 mm to 35 mm and from 60 mm to 65 mm, respectively, it led to a deterioration in the degree of cleaning, an increase in the degree of damage and loss.This is due to the fact that with an increase in the pin diameter, the interaction time of dried grapes on the pin surface increases, which leads to an increase in the degree of separation.However, with a small and large pin diameter of 35 mm and 65 mm, respectively, due to the sticking of dried grapes on the surface of the pin, twisting occurs, which negatively affects the operation of the device.
Based on the data obtained, for the best separation of dried grapes, the large small pin diameter should be 30 mm and 60 mm, respectively.

Influence of pin height installed on the plate of the device on its performance
And during these experiments, according to theoretical studies, the height of the plate pins was changed from 60 mm to 120 mm with an interval of 20 mm, while the number of revolutions of the plate of the device is assumed to be 300 min -1 , and the angle of inclination of the side wall of the plate is 35°. Figure 3 shows the increasing height of the pins led to an increase in the degree of cleaning, damage and loss of dried grapes.For example, with an increase in the height of the pins from 60 mm to 100 mm, the intensity of cleaning dried grapes increased sharply, while with an increase in the height of the pins from 100 mm to 120 mm, their intensity decreased.The degree of damage and loss of dried grapes in these ranges exceeded the norm.And with a change in humidity from 16 to 19% led to an increase in all indicators.d) When placing the rollers in a circle forming a friction joint between each other, the distance between the axes of their rotation should be at least 80 mm.

Fig. 1 . 3 . 1 .
Dependence of changes in the degree of cleaning (a), damage (b) and losses (c) on the speed of the plate: 1 and 2respectively at humidity of 16 and 19 % Influence of the angle of inclination of the sidewall of the device plate on its performance indicators During these experiments, the angle of inclination of the side wall of the plate of the device was changed from 25 ° to 40 ° with an interval of 5°, while the number of revolutions of the plate and the height of the pin did not change and were set at 300 min -1 and 80 mm, respectively.

Fig. 2 .
Dependence of changes in the degree of cleaning (a), damage (b) and losses (c) on the angle of inclination of the side wall of the plate: 1 and 2 -respectively at humidity of 16 and 19 % ICECAE 2024 , 03017 (2024) E3S Web of Conferences https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202449703017497

Fig. 3 .
Dependence of changes in the degree of cleaning (a), damage (b) and losses (c) on the height of the pin installed on the plate: 1 and 2 -respectively at humidity of 16 and 19 % Based on the above, the height of the pins installed on the plate of the device should be in the range of 80-100 mm.

4 .
Conclusions a) The developed and manufactured experimental model of a single-stage rotary comb separator ensures the ICECAE 2024 , 03017 (2024) E3S Web of Conferences https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202449703017497 preservation of berries from mechanical damage and thus ensures the preservation of the quality of dried grapes.b) It is established that to ensure the quality of crushing dried grapes, the speed of rotation of the working shaft of the dismembrator should average 130-150 min -1 at a humidity of kishmish W=19-21 %. c) With the gear ratio of the belt drive 0 of the electric motor should be 390-450 min -1 , the diameter of the ring band мм d б 240  , and the diameter of the roller 6мм d p 100  .

Table 1 .
Influence of small and large pin diameters of the device on its performance