AI for awareness: involvement in climate change in the Tangier-Tetouan-Al Hoceima region (Morocco)

. This study is the first to use the novel artificial intelligence tool, Bing Image Creator, to produce predictive imagery that clearly illustrates the catastrophic consequences of expected temperature changes in the Tangier-Tetouan-Al Hoceima (TTA) region by the end of this century. Our objective is to bring these impacts closer to decision makers while evaluating the model's ability to produce relevant images in line with the region's unique social, economic, and natural characteristics. The results showed that the model faithfully reproduced these characteristics, providing both a comprehensive and alarming view of the potential economic and environmental losses due to the probable temperature increases projected in the TTA region .


Introduction
Artificial intelligence (AI) has become essential across multiple domains, such as healthcare [1,2], automotive manufacturing [3], and education [4].It has also made a significant impact on weather and climate prediction [5].This research is concentrated on the Tangier-Tetouan-Al Hoceima (TTA) region in Northern Morocco.Due to its geographic location and reliance on natural resources, this region is vulnerable to the effects of climate change, particularly temperature fluctuations [6].
In order to help local decision makers comprehend the prospective implications on the environment, economy, and society of a predicted rise in extreme temperatures in the Tangier-Tetouan-Al Hoceima (TTA) region by the century's conclusion, this study aims to generate realistic visual depictions of such effects.To accomplish this, we used a cutting-edge innovation called Bing Image Creator, an artificial intelligence image generation tool that has been available since February 2023.This is the first implementation of AI image creation in this particular zone.These innovative images provide a realistic representation of the potential impact of temperature changes without compromising the exceptional social, economic, and cultural characteristics of the TTA region.As an outcome, the images generated will enhance insight into the alarming circumstances this region may confront by the end of the century.

Methodology and Study area 2.1 Study area
The Tangier-Tetouan-Al Hoceima (TTA) region is situated in the extreme northwest of the Kingdom of Morocco and covers an area of 16,010 km².It shares borders with the Strait of Gibraltar and the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Fès-Meknès region to the southeast, the Rabat-Salé-Kénitra region to the southwest, and the Oriental region to the east.The region is home to approximately 10.6% of the national population, which equates to 3,556,729 inhabitants.Agriculture and fishing are among the major economic sectors in the region.The region has 17 dams with a total capacity of 1,318 million cubic meters [7].

Bing Image Creator
The Bing Image Creator employs the advanced DALL-E model, developed by OpenAI, to generate images.DALL-E is a tool that uses natural language processing algorithms and deep learning techniques to create images from text descriptions.It is trained on a dataset of images and corresponding descriptions, enabling it to learn how to relate the descriptions to the visual features of the images [8].
The generation of images is possible by simply providing a description of the desired image.Bing Image Creator then produced four suggestions (Fig. 2).

DALL-E 2 architecture
DALL-E 2 consists of two main components: Prior and Decoder.Prior convert user-entered text into an image representation, while Decoder transforms this representation into a realistic photo (Fig. 3).DALL-E 2 uses text-image integration from CLIP, another neural network developed by OpenAI.CLIP generates the most suitable caption for a given image, performing the opposite operation of DALL-E 2 by transforming an image into text.CLIP aims to establish connections between visual and textual representations of the same object.The specific equations that underlie this model are not publicly available as it is a proprietary architecture developed by OpenAI.

Results and discussion
Future projections up to 2100 show worrying trends, with temperatures expected to rise [9].This probable variation in seasonal temperatures will undoubtedly have a significant impact on the TTA region, affecting various sectors.
In this section, we present predictive images generated by Bing Image Creator.The relevance of these images is examined in detail by comparing them to observed reality, considering the unique socioeconomic and traditional characteristics of the region.

Water
The image shows a woman wearing traditional clothing from the town of Chefchaouen in the TTA region, it also illustrates a major drying out of the land due to predicted climate change.In addition, the image shows the distinctive buildings of Chefchaouen stacked on top of each other (Fig. 4 The third image represent protest demonstrations against rising water prices due to a shortage of water in reservoirs in response to the expected rise in temperatures in Tangier, the main city in the TTA region.The image shows a large number of demonstrators, indicating that the model took into account the population density characteristic of the city of Tangier.The demonstrators carry Morocco's distinctive red flag (a red flag with a green star in the center), and the image highlights some of Tangier's distinctive buildings while respecting the color white, which is the city's official color (Figure 4.e, f).

Forests
Two images show the outbreak of major fires in Chefchaouen as a frightening response to climate change.The model has succeeded in preserving the distinctive features of the city, including its mountainous relief, its buildings clustered in a precise area, and its emblematic color, blue (dubbed "the blue jewel" by visitors).What is particularly noteworthy is that at the top of the left image, among the fires, a mosque is located adjacent to the city and dominates the landscape, recalling the famous "Bouzaafar" mosque that is emblematic of Chefchaouen (Fig. 4.g,h).ICCR'2

Biodiversity
These images show the damage caused to certain species by the fires due to the expected high temperatures, especially in Chefchaouen.Among the animals clearly visible is the wild boar that inhabits the forests of the Chefchaouen region.The model once again retains the characteristic blue color of Chefchaouen and its buildings (Fig. 4.i,j).ICCR'2

Agriculture
The images clearly show the expected impact on the distinctive vegetation and agriculture of the province of Larache, in the far west of the region.Crops require stable climatic conditions for optimal growth.Rising temperatures could lead to a reduction in grain and fruit production, as well as changes in the quality of agricultural products.In addition, water availability, which is already limited in the region, could be further reduced by reduced rainfall and increased evaporation (Fig. 5.a, b).Both images show a decrease in surface flow in the Loukous Valley, a sign of the climate crisis (Fig. 5. c,d).

Fishing
Fisheries will also be affected, as rising temperatures may lead to changes in the reproduction and growth conditions of fish species, which could reduce the productivity and diversity of fisheries.The image is consistent with traditional Moroccan wooden boats, and the model has also taken into account the clothing and turban characteristic of the traditional Moroccan population (Fig. 5.e).

Health
Rising temperatures could also exacerbate existing health problems and increase the incidence of heatrelated illnesses such as heat stroke and cardiovascular disease in the region.Once again, the model accurately represented the distinctive clothing and facial features of the population of northern Morocco.In addition, it provided an indication of the location of the organ affected by these changes (a man and a woman resting their hands on their chest area to indicate that they were suffering from cardiovascular disease).

Conclusion
This study demonstrates the effectiveness of the Bing Image Creator tool, an artificial intelligence technology, in raising awareness of the potential impacts of climate change.By using AI-generated images, we were able to powerfully illustrate the potential impact of temperature changes in the TTA region by 2099.These visual representations help decision makers understand the issues affecting the region and take informed action to counter the effects of climate change.This technique can serve as a blueprint for other regions facing similar climate-related challenges, demonstrating how AI can effectively raise awareness.The precise integration of the region's unique socio-economic, cultural, and traditional characteristics into the images produced supports the effectiveness of this method.This study provides a comprehensive assessment of the potential financial and environmental damage caused by rising temperatures in the TTA region.This provides an opportunity for future research to extend the analysis to other sectors affected by the problem and to predict the impact of other natural disasters.

Fig. 2 .
Fig. 2. Bing AI interface to generate predictive images of global warming impacts in the TTA region.
.a, b).The second image shows the April 9, 1947, dam, which is considered the second largest dam in the region, with a capacity of 300.106 million cubic meters, according to the Ministry of the Interior, General Directorate of Local Authorities, in 2015.The image shows a drop in the water level in the dam, with mudcracks clearly visible in response to predicted high temperatures.The model has taken into account the relative scale of the dam and also shows the surrounding mountains and some of the distinctive features of the April 9, 1947, dam, such as the arch-supported bridge (Fig. 4.c,d).

Fig. 5 .
Fig. 5. Climate Change in the TTA Region to 2100: Impacts on Agriculture (a, b, c, d), Fisheries (e) and Human Health (f, g), (generated by Bing Image Creator).