Assessing Sustainability Impacts and Paradoxes of Large-Scale Solar Farms in Energy Infrastructure Project

¹ Civil Engineering Studies, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pulau Penang, Permatang Pauh Campus, 13500, Bukit Mertajam, Pulau Penang, Malaysia.
² School of Housing, Building, and Planning, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, USM, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.

^* Corresponding author: keddyambau@gmail.com

Abstract

This study aims to determine the sustainability impact of large-scale solar PV farms and to recommend strategies for their sustainable development. Using a comprehensive assessment framework, we analyzed environmental, economic, and social dimensions through a combination of life cycle assessment (LCA), cost-benefit analysis, and respondent interviews. Our findings reveal that while solar farms significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions and dependence on fossil fuels, they also pose challenges such as land use conflicts, ecological disruption, and social equity issues. Specifically, the displacement of agricultural land and impacts on local biodiversity emerged as critical concerns. Additionally, although solar farms create jobs and reduce energy costs, these benefits are sometimes offset by high initial investment costs and long-term maintenance. The study underscores the importance of integrated planning and policy-making to address these challenges and enhance the sustainability of solar energy projects. These insights contribute to the broader discourse on balancing renewable energy development with sustainable land and community management practices.