Step-by-Step: Insights on key marine organisms associated with coral reef benthic cover using Stepwise Multivariate Regression

¹ Centre of Tropical Climate Change System, Institute of Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Malaysia
² Institute of Oceanography and Environment (INOS), University Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala, Nerus, 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia
³ Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences (IOES), Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
⁴ Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
⁵ Reef Check Malaysia, Lot 5.19-5, Wisma Central, 22, Jalan Ampang, Wilayah Persekutuan, 50450 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

^* Corresponding author: weehinboo@ukm.edu.my

Abstract

Coral reef ecosystems are severely threatened by human activities and climate change. However, the complexity of the ecosystem can complicate identification of significant ecological interactions between the organisms and the reef system. Thus, this study used a ten-year citizen science reef monitoring dataset by Reef Check Malaysia to identify key reefassociated organisms (fish and invertebrates) affected by the changes in benthic cover using Stepwise Multivariate Regression. Data collection started in 2013 to 2023, covering 148 sites from 23 islands of East Coast Peninsular Malaysia. The most dominant biotic benthic cover in coral reefs is the Hard Coral (mean 48.7±19.4% median = 49.4%), followed by Rubble (8.28±11.0%,3.75%), and Nutrient Indicator Algae (4.96±9.15%, 1.25%). Stepwise Multivariate Regressions showed that 6 out of 9 keystone fishes and 4 out of 8 keystone invertebrates were significantly correlated with each individual benthic cover. The regression models indicated that Butterflyfish, Grouper, Sweetlips, Snappers, Diadema Urchins are susceptible to the deterioration of coral reefs (reduction of Hard Coral and increase of Rubble and Nutrient Indicating Algae), while Sea Cucumber, Giant Clam and Pencil Urchin may flourish. Henceforth, the shortlisted reef-associated organisms can be an accessible and cost-effective targeted organisms for a quick and simple assessment of coral reef health.