A Review of Biomass Energy: Comparison of Utilization Methods and Future Prospects

Cornell University, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, 14850 Ithaca, USA

^* Corresponding author: kz368@cornell.edu

Abstract

Biomass refers to the biodegradable portion of products and residues from agriculture, forestry, and related industries, including municipal and industrial waste. It encompasses molecular and macromolecular compounds derived from plants and other organic sources. Biomass energy, considered sustainable and eco-friendly, can reduce greenhouse gas emissions and enhance energy security, contributing significantly to net-zero emission goals. Various methods for biomass utilization include thermochemical and biochemical conversions, as well as co-production. Thermochemical conversion methods like pyrolysis, gasification, and torrefaction transform biomass into fuels and chemicals, offering solutions for waste management and renewable energy. Biochemical methods, such as anaerobic digestion and fermentation, use biological processes to produce biogas and biofuels. Co-production, combining biomass with other energy sources (e.g., geothermal or coal), optimizes resource use and increases energy efficiency. While challenges remain, such as cost and technical barriers, biomass energy provides an effective, carbon-neutral path for reducing fossil fuel dependence. The paper highlights biomass energy’s diverse technologies and its importance in the sustainable development and future energy landscape.