| Issue |
E3S Web Conf.
Volume 730, 2026
International Conference on Advances and Innovations in Soft Soil Engineering (Soft Soils 2026)
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Article Number | 01005 | |
| Number of page(s) | 7 | |
| Section | Field and Laboratory Testing | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202673001005 | |
| Published online | 03 August 2026 | |
CPT-Based classification with 3D overlay for special soils
Witteveen+Bos, Deventer, The Netherlands
* Corresponding author: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
Abstract
Current CPT/CPTU-based Soil Behaviour Type (SBT) classifications predominantly rely on two-dimensional charts that use normalized cone resistance and friction ratio. These 2D approaches have limited capability to discriminate certain special soils. This paper introduces a three-dimensional classification framework that incorporates a normalized pore-pressure parameter alongside normalized cone resistance and friction ratio. Using an extended database developed by the author, six special-soil classes are represented as statistical ellipsoids in 3D CPTU parameter space. Each ellipsoid denotes the mean and variability of a soil type; the 95% confidence volume defines the class boundary. The 3D ellipsoidal overlay improves discrimination of special soils relative to classical 2D SBT charts and yields a statistically robust, interpretable tool for site characterization in challenging deposits.
© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2026
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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