Measurement of motorcycle exhaust emissions on urban roads using remote sensing

¹ Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering, ITB, Bandung, Indonesia
² Politeknik Negeri Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia
³ International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT), Indonesia
⁴ International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT), USA

^* Corresponding author: pujilest@indo.net.id

Abstract

This study aim to determine motorcycle exhaust emissions and emission factors on urban roads using unintrusive roadside remote sensing equipment, specifically the ETC M752 type version 3.1 from 2020. The research gathered 1012 valid and identified vehicle samples from five locations, comprising four in Jakarta and one in Bandung. The results unveiled median motorcycle emissions: CO₂ (13.90%), CO (1.42%), smoke (0%), HC (1499 ppm), and NO_x (2447 ppm). These measurements were recorded at an average speed of 21.81 km/h with an average acceleration of 0.05 m/s². Meanwhile the emission factors determined from this study were: 46.50 g/km, 1.95 g/km, 0 g/km, 0.22 g/km, and 0.46 g/km for CO_2, CO, soot, HC, and NO_x, respectively. An increase in the production year of motorcycles led to a significant reduction in exhaust emissions and emission factors. Across all production year categories, CO and HC emissions remained within acceptable thresholds. CO and HC emission factors already meet Euro 3 standards, while the NO_x emission factor still does not meet the standard. Enhancing engine cylinder capacity resulted in a slight uptick in motorcycle exhaust emissions and emission factors. Specifically, the CO and HC emissions on Yamaha motorcycles are lower compared to Honda, while the NO_x emissions on Yamaha motorcycles are higher compared to Honda. However, both brands have met Euro 3 standards for CO and HC but not for NO_x.