Eco-Friendly Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles: A Sustainable Route for Multifunctional Applications with Advanced Characterization

¹ Centre of Research Impact and Outcome, Chitkara University, Rajpura - 140417, Punjab, India,
² Chitkara Centre for Research and Development, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh - 174103 India
³ Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Engineering and Technology, GLA University, Mathura (U.P) - 281406
⁴ Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India,
⁵ Uttaranchal University, Dehradun - 248007, India
⁶ Department of Mechanical, GRIET, Bachupally, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
⁷ Department of Chemistry, Research & Incubation Centre, Rayat Bahra University Chandigarh-Ropar NH 205, Greater Mohali, Punjab, 140103, India
⁸ Department of Structurals Techniques engineering, College of technical engineering, The Islamic University of Al Diwaniyah, Al Diwaniyah, Iraq

Corresponding author: sumeet.kaur.orp@chitkara.edu.in

Abstract

The environmentally friendly manufacturing of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using plant-based extracts has received immense interest. This study synthesized AgNPs from aloe vera, green tea, ginger, neem, and lemon extracts and examined how varied synthesis circumstances affected nanoparticle characteristics. The synthesis was performed at 50–70°C, pH 6.5– 9, with silver precursor concentrations 0.5–2 mM. Results showed that higher precursor concentrations increased nanoparticle size by 15%. The plant extract, temperature, and pH affected the nanoparticles’ morphology, which ranged from spherical to rod-like to irregular. In antibacterial experiments, AgNPs generated with turmeric extract were 25% more effective against * E. coli* and * S. aureus* bacteria than those made with aloe vera extract. In methylene blue and Congo red dye degradation studies, green tea extract-generated AgNPs had 10% greater catalytic activity than lemon extract-derived ones. This comprehensive study shows that green-synthesized AgNPs may be customized utilizing eco-friendly methods, making them promising for nanotechnology, biomedicine, catalysis, and environmental research.