Review of water energy food nexus in Africa: Morocco and South Africa as case studies

¹ Research team of environment and natural resources management, B2DRN Laboratory, Khenifra Higher School of Technology, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Morocco
² Institute for Intelligent Systems, University of Johannesburg, South Africa
³ École Nationale Supérieure des mines de ENSMR, Rabat, Morocco
⁴ CISGER, Facultad de Ingenieria, Universidad del Desarrolo, Chile
⁵ CRHIAM, University of Conception, Chile

^a Corresponding author: l.elyoussfilahcen@usms.ma
^* Equally contributed to this work.

Abstract

The population of the African continent is significantly increasing which has given rise to societal, economic and environmental changes. This will generate an increase in demand for food, water and energy. Thus, strategies for sustainable management of natural resources need to be adopted urgently in order to match the future needs and to ensure sustainable development on the continent. The Water Energy Food (WEF) nexus is one the avenues for studying the current and future interactions and interdependencies of the WEF sectors under different scenarios and challenges in the effort towards establishing sustainable use of natural resources. Policies around the nexus approach are few or absent at the continental and countrylevels. This paper is a first review on the adoption of the Nexus in two model African countries, Morocco and South Africa. The review compares the water, energy and food sectors and the related national policies, plans and frameworks. The data related to the WEF Nexus revealed key difficulties of availability in both countries. A comparative analysis of the situation in both countries demonstrated differences in policies relating to the WEF Nexus across the sectors: water, energy, and agriculture. Additionally, the paper explores the relevance of technology-assisted frameworks for the WEF nexus and also analyzed risks to agriculture and food security in the context of the reviewed countries.