Issue |
E3S Web Conf.
Volume 229, 2021
The 3rd International Conference of Computer Science and Renewable Energies (ICCSRE’2020)
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Article Number | 01048 | |
Number of page(s) | 12 | |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202122901048 | |
Published online | 25 January 2021 |
From Auto-encoders to Capsule Networks: A Survey
Computing, Imaging and Modeling of Complex Systems Laboratory, University Hassan First, Faculty of Science and Technology of Settat, Morocco
elalaoui-elfels.fst@uhp.ac.ma
gtaoufiq@yahoo.fr
Convolutional Neural Networks are a very powerful Deep Learning algorithm used in image processing, object classification and segmentation. They are very robust in extracting features from data and largely used in several domains. Nonetheless, they require a large number of training datasets and relations between features get lost in the Max-pooling step, which can lead to a wrong classification. Capsule Networks (CapsNets) were introduced to overcome these limitations by extracting features and their pose using capsules instead of neurons. This technique shows an impressive performance in one-dimensional, two-dimensional and three-dimensional datasets as well as in sparse datasets. In this paper, we present an initial understanding of CapsNets, their concept, structure and learning algorithm. We introduce the progress made by CapsNets from their introduction in 2011 until 2020. We compare different CapsNets series to demonstrate strengths and challenges. Finally, we quote different implementations of Capsule Networks and show their robustness in a variety of domains. This survey provides the state-of-the-art of Capsule Networks and allows other researchers to get a clear view of this new field. Besides, we discuss the open issues and the promising directions of future research, which may lead to a new generation of CapsNets.
Key words: Convolutional Neural Networks / Auto-encoders / Capsule Networks / Routing by Agreement Between Capsules / EM Routing / Stacked Capsule Network / Deep Learning.
© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2021
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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