Best Practices of Capital City Relocation in Various Countries: Literature Review

¹ Department of Development Geography, Faculty of Geography, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
² Department of Environmental Geography, Faculty of Geography, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
³ Graduate School on Environmental Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
⁴ Graduate Program of Regional Development, Faculty of Geography, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

^* Corresponding author: rinirachma@ugm.ac.id

Abstract

Capital city relocation issue is currently emerging due to the condition and problem Indonesia encounters. Study toward some cases of capital city relocation could be crucial input for analysis and comparison. This paper aims to review capital city relocation examples. Literature review shows there are variances in background and driving factors internally or externally, and infrastructure needs for city development. The driving factors consist of environmental pressure, pollution, urban heat island, housing, urban sprawl, and disaster. The infrastructures required for the development of a new capital city are information and communication technology (ICT), physical infrastructure, transportation, and open green space. From the analysis, Myanmar’s Yangon to Naypyidaw relocation and Malaysia’s Kuala Lumpur to Putrajaya relocation are the best practices in capital city development that boosts new activities and urban extension. Burma shows the infrastructure’s role in development of a new capital city and Kuala Lumpur reveals how ICT implementation helps to establish a new capital city. This paper is expected to fill the research gap from previous research in terms of reviews related to the need for ICT in capital city preparation. This indicates that this paper has followed the trend of ICT advancement. The next research and publication will strengthen the use of ICT as one of the variables.